MANNHEIM SCHOOL

in music, a group of 18th-century composers who assembled themselves in the city of Mannheim, Ger., under the patronage of Duke Karl Theodor (reigned 174399), the elector palatine. They distinguished themselves particularly in their instrumental music, which proved to be of great significance in the development of the mature Classical style (as exemplified in the works of Joseph Haydn and W.A. Mozart). Many contemporary visitors to the Mannheim court, such as the famous 18th-century English music historian Charles Burney, wrote glowing accounts of the musical establishment there. Especially impressive to these travelers was the outstanding orchestra, which was famous throughout Europe for its highly disciplined virtuosity and its ability to produce certain novel and arousing effects. These effects, such as lengthy crescendos, abrupt dynamic changes, and swiftly ascending melodic figures (the famous Mannheim rocket), were particularly cultivated in the symphonic works of the Mannheim composers. More important historically than these compositional devices was the tendency of these composers (especially Johann Stamitz) to articulate the various components of the symphonic form to a greater degree than had previously been the case. Their role in the evolution of the Classical symphony is thus significant, although most scholars now agree that these changes occurred nearly simultaneously at various other centres, such as Berlin and Vienna. The Mannheim school consists chiefly of two generations of composers. The first includes Johann Stamitz, who was the founder and inspired conductor of the orchestra; Ignaz Holzbauer; Franz Xaver Richter; and Carlo Giuseppe Toeschi. These men established the supremacy of the Mannheim school and, in their orchestral works, initiated many of the effects that were to popularize it. The composers of the second generation are Anton Filtz; Johann Christian Cannabich, who perfected the orchestra; Anton and Karl Stamitz; and Franz Beck.