MARNE, FIRST BATTLE OF THE

(September 612, 1914), an offensive during World War I by the French army and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) against the advancing Germans who had invaded Belgium and northeastern France and were within 30 miles (48 km) of Paris. By early September, one month after the outbreak of war, the German army had advanced deep into northeastern France, Paris was preparing for a siege, and the French troops were exhausted from their 1012 day retreat to the south of the Marne River. The French commander in chief, General Joseph Joffre, decided to risk a counterattack. The French 6th Army under General Michel-Joseph Maunoury attacked the flank of the German general Alexander von Kluck's 1st Army on the morning of September 6. When Kluck turned to oppose them, a 30-mile-wide gap was opened between his troops and the German 2nd Army. The Allies immediately exploited this gap by sending in the French 5th Army and troops of the British Expeditionary Force. On September 7 and 8, Maunoury's forces were reinforced by 6,000 infantrymen who were transported to the battle from Paris by 600 taxis, the first automotive transport of troops in the history of war. On September 8 General Franchet d'Espery's 5th Army made a surprise night attack on the German 2nd Army and widened the gap. On the 10th the Germans began a general retreat that ended north of the Aisne River, where they dug in, and the trench warfare that was to typify the Western Front for the next three years began. In the Battle of the Marne the French threw back the massive German advance that had threatened to overrun their country and thwarted German plans for a quick and total victory on the Western Front.