NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY

American scientific society founded (1888) in Washington, D.C., by a small group of eminent explorers and scientists for the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge. With more than nine million members in the mid-1990s, the organization is the world's largest scientific and educational society. Members receive the monthly National Geographic Magazine. The maps produced for the society and often issued to its members as supplements helped set cartographic standards. Although overseen by 24-person board, the society has been guided by a member of the Grosvenor family almost since its inception. Gilbert H. Grovesnor, appointed editor of the magazine by his father-in-law, Alexander Graham Bell, the society's second president, took over the presidency in 1898. He held that position until 1957, when he was succeeded by his son and eventually by his grandson. When the third Grosvenor retired in 1996, his successor was, for the first time in nearly a century, not a member of the family. The society has supported more than 5,000 major scientific projects and expeditions, including the polar expeditions of the American explorers Robert E. Peary and Richard E. Byrd, the British archaeologist Howard Carter's discovery of the tomb of King Tutankhamen in Egypt, and the first American climb of Mount Everest. Other expeditions, often cosponsored with the Smithsonian Institution and other organizations, have studied volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, excavated Machu Picchu, and discovered in Mexico the oldest dated work of humans in the New World. In the 1960s the society funded research by the British anthropologists L.S.B. Leakey and Mary Leakey in the Olduvai Gorge of eastern Africa that produced remarkable fossil remains of early hominids. Society support also benefited the investigations of the French undersea explorer Jacques-Yves Cousteau, the work of the British ethnologist Jane Goodall with chimpanzees and that of American zoologist Dian Fossey with gorillas, and the exploration of the wreck of the ocean liner Titanic. In addition to the National Geographic Magazine, the society publishes books and atlases, issues weekly bulletins to educators, librarians, and students, and operates a news service. In one of its most successful endeavours, the society has created hundreds of documentary programs for television and has produced numerous educational videocassettes, CD-ROM products, and interactive multimedia educational systems.