NICOPOLIS, BATTLE OF

(Sept. 25, 1396), military engagement that resulted in a Turkish victory over an army of European crusaders. It brought an end to massive international efforts to halt Turkish expansion into the Balkans and central Europe. When the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I (ruled 13891402) laid siege to Constantinople (now Istanbul) in 1395, the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaeologus appealed to the Christian rulers of Europe for aid. King Sigismund of Hungary responded by organizing a crusade. In July 1396 knights from France, Burgundy, England, Germany, and the Netherlands joined Sigismund at Buda and set out first to evict the Turks from the Balkans and then to march through Anatolia and Syria to Jerusalem. Having entered Turkish territory (August) and conquered the garrisons at Vidin and Rahova, the crusaders laid siege to Nicopolis, the main Turkish stronghold on the Danube River. While they waited for the well-stocked, well-fortified town to submit, Bayezid marched from Constantinople and established his army on a hill several miles from Nicopolis. Although Sigismund urged his allies to maintain a defensive position, the knights charged up the hill, scattering the first lines of the Turkish cavalry and infantry. Bayezid awaited them, however, with another cavalry contingent reinforced by a Serbian army, and by that time the heavily armoured Western knights were too exhausted to fight effectively. Sigismund, whose army had not participated in the initial attack, tried to rescue the knights, but his Walachian and Transylvanian contingents deserted and his Hungarian force was insufficient. The Turks slaughtered most of the crusaders and pushed the remainder back to the Danube. Although a small portion of the allied army, including Sigismund, escaped, most survivors were captured and executed by Bayezid. By their victory at Nicopolis, the Turks discouraged the formation of future European coalitions against them. They maintained their pressure on Constantinople, tightened their control over the Balkans, and became a greater menace to central Europe.