PO RIVER

Latin Padus, longest river in Italy, rising in the Monte Viso group of the Cottian Alps on Italy's western frontier and emptying into the Adriatic Sea in the east after a course of 405 miles (652 km). Its drainage basin covers 27,062 square miles (70,091 square km), forming Italy's widest and most fertile plain. Flowing eastward in its upper course, the Po is rapid and precipitous, descending about 5,500 feet (1,700 m) in its first 22 miles (35 km). Just west of Saluzzo the Po turns sharply northward, flows through Turin and skirts the Monferrato upland, then turns east at Chivasso and continues in a generally easterly course to its delta on the Adriatic. The Po forms the boundary between the regions of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna (south) and Veneto (north). It receives the waters of the Dora Riparia and the Dora Baltea below Turin; other principal tributaries are the Sesia, Ticino, Adda, Oglio, and Mincio from the north. Among the many streams that drain into the Po from the south, the Tanaro (from the Maritime Alps) and the Scrivia and Trebbia (from the Apennines) are important; but many of the others are rain-fed and torrential and carry little water through much of the year. Throughout its middle and lower courses the Po describes many meanders, which have left oxbows (circular lakes). Its delta is among the most complex of any European river, with at least 14 mouths, usually arranged in five groups (from north to south): the Po di Levante, Po di Maestra, Po della Pila, Po delle Tolle, and Po di Goro e di Gnocca. Of these mouths, the Po della Pila carries the greatest volume of water and is the only navigable one. The Po is navigable from its mouth to Pavia. At Pontelagoscuro, 60 miles (96 km) from the sea, the Po's average discharge is 48,400 cubic feet (1,370 cubic m) per second, with variations from 910 to 340,000 cubic feet (26 to 9,630 cubic m), although in the great flood of 1951 the discharge was estimated at 424,000 cubic feet (12,000 cubic m) per second. The most devastating floods have been those of 589, 1150, 1438, 1882, 1917, 1926, 1951, 1957, and 1966, all in the autumn. The sediment load carried by the Po is considerable, and the extension of the delta is estimated at 200 acres (80 hectares) per year. Certain ancient ports south of the delta, such as Ravenna, are now as much as 6 miles (10 km) from the sea as a result of silt from the Po carried down by currents in the Adriatic. The floods of the river and the silt load carried by it have long challenged hydraulic engineers. The Venetian Republic built dikes to control floods and canals to divert silt, and in the area between Ferrara and the Adriatic numerous undertakings have reclaimed thousands of acres during the past three centuries. The project undertaken in 1953 by the Italian Land Reform was devoted to soil improvements, reclamation of marshy areas such as the Valli di Comacchio, and the creation of small peasant farms in the delta area, or polesine, which, nevertheless, suffered enormously in the great floods of 1951 and 1966. During the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods the lower valley of the Po was occupied by people who built houses on piles along the swampy banks. The river regulation works originated in pre-Roman times. The reclamation and protection of the riparian lands went on rapidly under the Romans, and in several places their rectangular divisions of the ground are still visible. During the barbarian invasions much of the protective system decayed, but the later Middle Ages saw the works resumed so that the present arrangement existed in the main by the end of the 15th century. The Ligurian name of the Po was Bodincus, or Bodencus, meaning bottomless. The name Padus was taken from the Celts or the Veneti of Brittany. Thus, Bodincomagus is found as a town name on the upper course, and Padua as a name of one of the mouths of the river.