RUSKIN, JOHN

born February 8, 1819, London, England died January 20, 1900, Coniston, Lancashire English critic of art, architecture, and society who was a gifted painter, a distinctive prose stylist, and an important example of the Victorian Sage, or Prophet: a writer of polemical prose who seeks to cause widespread cultural and social change. Nicholas Shrimpton Additional reading Editions E.T. Cook and A. Wedderburn (eds.), The Works of John Ruskin, Library ed., 39 vol. (190312), is the standard edition; also published on CD-ROM with the same title (1996), with two additional essays by Michael Wheeler and James S. Dearden. Biographies Tim Hilton, John Ruskin, 2 vol. (19852000), is the definitive biography. E.T. Cook, The Life of John Ruskin, 2 vol. (1911, reprinted 1968), was the first full life written with access to Ruskin's letters and notebooks. Derrick Leon, Ruskin, the Great Victorian (1949, reissued 1969), is a sympathetic account and was the standard biography in the mid-20th century. John Dixon Hunt, The Wider Sea: A Life of John Ruskin (1982), is a sound account of the private life with a particular interest in Ruskin's response to landscape. Critical Studies John L. Bradley, An Introduction to Ruskin (1971), is the best general introduction to Ruskin's life and work. A very readable narrative account of Ruskin's career can be found in John D. Rosenberg, The Darkening Glass: A Portrait of Ruskin's Genius (1961, reissued 1986). George P. Landow, Ruskin (1985), surveys the full range of Ruskin's work with a particular stress on the way in which he may be understood as a semiotician, or reader of signs, in diverse disciplines, and Landow's The Aesthetic and Critical Theories of John Ruskin (1971) is an important study of Ruskin's artistic theory. John L. Bradley (ed.), Ruskin: The Critical Heritage (1984), collects critical responses to Ruskin's work between 1843 and 1900.Elizabeth K. Helsinger, Ruskin and the Art of the Beholder (1982), explores the ways in which Ruskin shifted art criticism from the artist-centred aesthetics of Romanticism to an approach more concerned with the reader or beholder. Ruskin's break with the Picturesque tradition and his development of a mode of visual argument are discussed in Robert Hewison, John Ruskin: The Argument of the Eye (1976). Paul H. Walton, The Drawings of John Ruskin (1972, reprinted 1985), is a valuable study of Ruskin's work as a painter and draughtsman.Michael W. Brooks, John Ruskin and Victorian Architecture (1987, reissued 1989), is an important study of Ruskin's writing about buildings and its influence on architectural practice. Two illuminating accounts of how Ruskin writes about architecture are John Unrau's Looking at Architecture with Ruskin (1978) and Ruskin and St. Mark's (1984). Eve Blau, Ruskinian Gothic: The Architecture of Deane and Woodward, 18451861 (1982), is a detailed study of Benjamin Woodward, the architect most closely associated with Ruskin. Robert Hewison, Ruskin and Venice (1978; also published as Ruskin's Venice, 2000, without accompanying exhibition catalog), is a detailed study of Ruskin's research for The Stones of Venice. Jeanne Clegg, Ruskin and Venice (1981), is an extended account of Ruskin's relationship with the city.James Clark Sherburne attempts to place Ruskin's social and economic writings in their historical context in John Ruskin; or, The Ambiguities of Abundance (1972). Alan Lee, Ruskin and Political Economy: Unto This Last, in Robert Hewison (ed.), New Approaches to Ruskin: Thirteen Essays (1981), pp. 6888, is a technical analysis of Ruskin's economic theory. P.D. Anthony, John Ruskin's Labour (1983), discusses Ruskin's social theories. Robert Hewison, Notes on the Construction of The Stones of Venice, in Robert Rhodes and Del Ivan Janik (eds.), Studies in Ruskin (1982), pp. 131152, is an important revisionist essay identifying Ruskin's politics as ultra-Tory. An account of Ruskin's growing interest in mythography and of his later writing about science appears in Dinah Birch, Ruskin's Myths (1988). Raymond E. Fitch, The Poison Sky: Myth and Apocalypse in Ruskin (1982), is an extended study of Ruskin's interest in myth with a stress on his apocalyptic sense of ecological decline.The best general accounts of Victorian Sage, or Prophetic, writing are John Holloway, The Victorian Sage: Studies in Argument (1953, reissued 1965), and George P. Landow, Elegant Jeremiahs: The Sage from Carlyle to Mailer (1986). Nicholas Shrimpton