SHANNON, RIVER

the longest river in Ireland, rising in northwestern County Cavan and flowing for about 161 miles (259 km) in a southerly direction to enter the Atlantic Ocean via a 70-mile (113-kilometre) estuary below Limerick city. It drains an area of 6,060 square miles (15,695 square km). As the main river draining the central lowland of Ireland, it is surrounded by marshes and bogs for much of its course and widens at various points into lakes, many with islands. The source of the Shannon is generally considered to be the pools at the foot of Tiltinbane Mountain. After a few miles it enters Lough Allen and then flows south through a wide belt of marshes and water meadows. It is crossed by a bridge at Leitrim and at Carrick-on-Shannon, above which it is joined by the Boyle from the west. From north of Carrick south to Roosky, it flows through a landscape dominated by hills of glacial drift (drumlins) interspersed with bogs and marshes. Near Termonbarry, at Richmond Harbour, the river is joined by the Royal Canal; and at Lanesborough it enters Lough Ree. The bridge at Athlone is 15 mi from the next at Shannonbridge, where the Suck, the largest tributary, joins the main river. At Shannon Harbour the river is joined by the Grand Canal. About 15 mi south it reaches Lough Derg at Portumna, and its waters feed the Ardnacrusha hydroelectric power station, using the fall of 109 ft (33 m) from lake to sea level. A fish ladder at the outlet of Lough Derg allows salmon to pass upriver to spawn. From Limerick the river enters its long estuary, in which shipping has dwindled since the 19th century and in which some of the large reclaimed areas have been used for Shannon International Airport, located near the estuary of the River Fergus in County Clare. In the early part of the 19th century, the Shannon was a vital link in the waterways of Ireland. From 1755 the Grand Canal was constructed across the central lowland, reaching the Shannon in 1804. From 1789 to 1817 the Royal Canal was constructed from the north side of Dublin through Mullingar to the Shannon, but it was not so successful as was the Grand Canal, and it was sold to a railway company in 1846. At that time steamers used the Shannon between Killaloe and Richmond Harbour, and horsedrawn boats went on the canal from Killaloe to Limerick. There were passenger services along the canals from 1780 onward, but they ceased in the 1850s because of rail competition. The Shannon steamboats survived as a tourist attraction until World War I. Since the 1950s a steamer service has been a holiday attraction, and many parts of the river are used for pleasure craft.