SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAM

any of a variety of governmental programs designed to protect citizens from the economic risks and insecurities of life. The most common types of programs provide benefits to the elderly or retired, the sick or invalid, dependent survivors, mothers, the unemployed, the work-injured, and families. Methods of financing and administration and the scope of coverage and benefits vary widely among countries. The earliest modern social welfare laws were enacted in Germany in the 1880s. As similar programs have been adopted in other countries, the trend has been toward more comprehensive coverage in terms of both eligibility requirements and the nature of the risks insured against. A floor of minimum protection has come to be viewed as one of government's general responsibilities with respect to specific risks, and in many countries the consensus holds that public responsibility extends to all those unable to care for themselves for whatever reason. In this view social welfare is extended and received as a matter of right rather than of need. The chief characteristics of a welfare or security program are the risks to be protected against, the population covered, eligibility criteria, levels of benefits, manner of financing, and administrative procedures. All these criteria are subject to wide variation in practice. In particular, eligibility criteria often include a time-lock, which requires participation in or coverage by a program for a specified time. Financing is generally accomplished by exacting contributions from covered persons, employers, or both, by the government out of general revenues, or by a combination of the two. The most common varieties of programs may be summarized as follows: Old-age, invalidity, and survivor programs. These provide benefits to those who live beyond their ability or eligibility to engage in gainful employment, to those who become permanently disabled other than through work injuries and who are not covered under some other medical disability program, and to those who are left dependent by a deceased worker. Programs of this type usually provide for universal coverage; they are commonly funded as contributory insurance programs. Time-lock provisions apply to old-age benefits and, less stringently, to invalidity and survivor benefits. Benefits levels are typically 30 to 60 percent of base wages. The plans are administered nationally.