SOUTH AFRICAN LITERATURE

the body of writings in either Afrikaans or English produced in what is now the Republic of South Africa. For writings in the African languages of the country's black majority, see African arts. South Africa was colonized by Europeans against the resistance of Africans and was for some time afterward a battlefield between Briton and Boer. Although South Africa became independent in 1910, the nation's varied ethnic and racial constituents have not yet been unified in a harmonious whole, and the tension arising from the unequal relations between blacks and whites is the authentic note of much South African literature. Indigenous South African literature effectively began in the late 19th century and became fairly copious in the 20th century. Much of the work by persons born in South Africa was limited in its viewpoint; often these writers only dimly apprehended the aspirations, perceptions, and traditions of South Africans belonging to a race other than their own. English-speaking South African writers are mainly urban and cosmopolitan; their culture is English, and they often have a wider audience among English-speaking communities abroad. By contrast, Afrikaans writers belonged for many decades to a close-knit communityborn of a defensive posturewith shared experiences (including rural roots), shared aspirations and religion, and a strong sense of nationhood. Only in the 1960s did a major break with this tradition become apparent. The twin 20th-century phenomena of urbanization and the separation of the black and white races by government policy have greatly affected the psychological makeup and thus the literary expression of English- and Afrikaans-speaking whites, as well as of Africans. The moral and artistic challenges inherent in South Africa's situation stimulated writing up to a point, but the South African preoccupation with race problems may ultimately have proven inimical to the creation of an authentic national literature. Additional reading Works of history and criticism include Nadine Gordimer and Lionel Abrahams (eds.), South African Writing Today (1967); Christopher Heywood (ed.), Aspects of South African Literature (1976); Jack Cope, The Adversary Within: Dissident Writers in Afrikaans (1982); Ursula A. Barnett, A Vision of Order: A Study of Black South African Literature in English (19141980) (1983); J.M. Coetzee, White Writing: On the Culture of Letters in South Africa (1988); Jane Watts, Black Writers from South Africa (1989); and Martin Trump (ed.), Rendering Things Visible: Essays on South African Literary Culture (1990).