STATISTICS: KAZAKSTAN

Kazakstan Official name: Qazaqstan Respublikasy (Republic of Kazakstan). Form of government: unitary republic with a Parliament consisting of two chambers (Senate and Assembly ). Head of state and government: President assisted by Prime Minister. Capital: Astana{2}. Official language: Kazak{3}. Official religion: none. Monetary unit{4}: 1 tenge (T) = 100 tiyn; valuation (Sept. 25, 1998) free rate, 1 U.S.$ = 80.48 tenge; 1 = 137.02 tenge. Demography Population (1998): 15,797,000. Density (1998): persons per sq mi 15.0, persons per sq km 5.8. Urban-rural (1996): urban 56.0%; rural 44.0%. Sex distribution (1994): male 49.00%; female 51.00%. Age breakdown (1991): under 15, 31.4%; 15-29, 25.1%; 30-44, 21.3%; 45-59, 12.2%; 60-69, 6.1%; 70 and over, 3.9%. Population projection: (2000) 15,768,000; (2010) 16,158,000. Ethnic composition (1996): Russian 47.4%; Kazak 39.3%; German 3.2%; Ukrainian 2.0%; Uzbek 1.9%; Tatar 1.4%; other 7.0%. Religious affiliation (1995): Muslim (mostly Sunni) 47.0%; Russian Orthodox 8.2%; Protestant 2.1%; other (mostly nonreligious) 42.7%. Major cities (1995): Almaty (Alma-Ata) 1,172,400; Qaraghandy (Karaganda) 573,700; Shymkent (Chimkent) 397,600; Pavlodar 340,700. Vital statistics Birth rate per 1,000 population (1995): 16.7 (world avg. 25.0); (1994) legitimate 86.6%; illegitimate 13.4%. Death rate per 1,000 population (1995): 10.2 (world avg. 9.2). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (1995): 6.5 (world avg. 15.7). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 1994): 3.1. Marriage rate per 1,000 population (1994): 7.3. Divorce rate per 1,000 population (1994): 2.5. Life expectancy at birth (1994): male 64.0 years; female 73.0 years. Major causes of death per 100,00 population (1994): diseases of the circulatory system 459.0; malignant neoplasms (cancers) 134.3; accidents, poisoning, and violence 125.6; diseases of the respiratory system 87.9. National economy Budget (1997). Revenue: 270,492,000 tenge (taxes on goods and services 32,6%, income, profits and capital gains taxes 31.7%, taxes on international trade 3.1%, nontax revenue 19.4%). Expenditures: 325,469,000,000 tenge (education 18.3%, health 14.5%, defense 5.9%, social security 5.4%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 1996): U.S.$1,932,000,000. Population economically active (1995): total 6,976,000; activity rate of total population 41.8% (participation rates: ages 16-59 , 16-54 80.1%; female 48.0%; unemployed 2.3%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (1996): wheat 7,678,000, barley 2,696,000, potatoes 1,656,000, oats 359,000, sugar beets 341,000; livestock (number of live animals) 19,953,000 sheep and goats, 6,860,000 cattle, 1,700,000 horses, 1,622,700 pigs; roundwood (1991) 1,974,000 cu m; fish catch (1995) 69,716. Mining and quarrying (1995): iron ore 15,000,000; chrome 2,400,000; lead 190,000; zinc 40,000. Manufacturing (value of production in '000,000 tenge; 1996): food products 107,397; nonferrous metallurgy 89,052; ferrous metallurgy 81,026; machinery 52,168; chemical products 28,974; construction materials 23,239. Construction (1994): residential 2,300,000 sq m. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 1996) 58,657,000,000 (1994; 78,277,000,000); coal (metric tons; 1996) 76,597,000 (1994; 76,357,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 1996) 166,800,000 (1994; 87,004,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 1994) 13,372,000 (14,306,000); natural gas (cu m; 1996) 6,397,000 (1994; 9,588,000,000). Gross national product (1996): U.S.$22,213,000 (U.S.$1,350 per capita). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (1989) 4.0; income per household (1991) 5,290 Russian rubles{4}: U.S.$ equivalent: n.a.{5}; sources of income (1994): salaries and wages 67.7%, social benefits 16.9%, agricultural income 5.8%, other 9.6%; expenditure (1994): retail goods 60.6%, taxes 16.8, services 11.7%, other 10.9%. Foreign trade Imports (1996): U.S.$6,017,000,000 (equipment and mechanical tools 8.7%, chemical industry products 8.3%, foodstuffs 7.4%, vehicles 6.0%). Major import sources (1995): Russia 64.7%; Germany 7.0%; Ukraine 5.3%. Exports (1996): U.S.$5,617,000,000 (oil and gas condensate 23.9%, rolled ferrous metal 9.6%, refined copper 9.5%, grain 8.0%, coal 5.1%). Major export destinations (1995): Russia 64.1%; China 7.4%; Ukraine 6.8%. Transport Transport. Railroads (1994): length 21,600 km; (1995) passenger-km 13,200,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 124,500,000,000. Roads (1995): total length 158,655 km (paved 68.4%). Vehicles (1995): passenger cars 1,030,000; trucks and buses 516,000. Air transport (1994): passenger-km 4,600,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 100,000,000; airports (1997) with scheduled flights 20. Education and health Educational attainment (1989). Population age 25 and over having: primary education or no formal schooling 16.2%; some secondary 19.8%; completed secondary and some postsecondary 54.1%; higher 9.9%. Literacy (1989): population age 15 and over literate 97.5%; males 99.1%; females 96.1%. Health (1995): physicians 62,000 (1 per 267 persons); hospital beds 193,000 (1 per 86 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 27.9. Military Total active duty personnel (1997): 35,100 (army 57.0%, air force 43.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (1995): 0.9% (world avg. 2.8%); per capita expenditure U.S.$25. {1} Includes 7 nonelective seats. {2} Akmola (Kazak: Aqmola; new capital replacing Almaty on Nov. 8, 1997) was renamed Astana on May 6, 1998. {3} Russian commands equal status with Kazak at state-owned organizations and bodies of local government per a law effective July 16, 1997. {4} The Kazak tenge was introduced Nov. 18, 1993, to replace the Russian ruble, at a rate of 500 Russian rubles to 1 tenge; on Nov. 25, 1993, the Kazak tenge became the sole legal tender. {5} Ruble-area exchange rate for this period very speculative.