SUN TZU

flourished 4th century BC also spelled Sun-tzu reputed author of the Chinese classic Ping-fa (The Art of War), the earliest known treatise on war and military science. The book is traditionally attributed to Sun Tzu (personal name Sun Wu), a military strategist and general who served the state of Wu near the end of the Spring and Autumn Period (770476 BC). It is more likely, however, that it was written early in the Warring States period (475221 BC), at a time when China was divided into six or seven states that often resorted to war with each other in their struggles for supremacy. The Art of War is a systematic guide to strategy and tactics for rulers and commanders. The book discusses various maneuvers and the effect of terrain on the outcome of battles. It stresses the importance of accurate information about the enemy's forces, dispositions and deployments, and movements. This is summarized in the axiom Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat. It also emphasizes the unpredictability of battle and the use of flexible strategies and tactics. The book's insistence on the close relationship between political considerations and military policy greatly influenced some modern strategists. Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communists took from The Art of War many of the tactics they utilized in fighting the Japanese and, later, the Chinese Nationalists.