TARTINI, GIUSEPPE

born April 8, 1692, Pirano, Istria, republic of Venice died Feb. 26, 1770, Padua, republic of Venice Italian violinist, composer, and theorist who helped establish the modern style of violin bowing and formulated principles of musical ornamentation and harmony. Tartini studied divinity and law at Padua and at the same time established a reputation as a fencer. Before the age of 20 he secretly married a protge of the archbishop of Padua, resulting eventually in his arrest. Disguised as a monk, he fled from Padua and took refuge in a monastery at Assisi. There his violin playing attracted attention and ultimately influenced the archbishop to allow Tartini to return to his wife at Padua. In 1716 he went to Venice, later went to Ancona, and eventually returned to Padua, where he was appointed principal violinist at the Church of San Antonio in 1721. He directed the orchestra of the chancellor of Bohemia in Prague (172325), then returned once again to Padua, where he founded (1728) a school of violin playing and composition. He made a concert tour of Italy in 1740. Tartini's playing was said to be remarkable for its combination of technical and poetic qualities, and his bowing became a model for later schools of violinists. His compositions include more than 100 violin concertos; numerous sonatas, including the Trillo del Diavolo (Devil's Trill), written after 1735; quartets; trios; symphonies; and religious works, including a five-part Miserere and a four-part Salve Regina. He contributed to the science of acoustics by his discovery of the difference tone, also called the Tartini tone, a third note heard when two notes are played steadily and with intensity. He also devised a theory of harmony based on affinities with algebra and geometry, set forth in his Trattato di musica (1754; Treatise on Music) and expanded into Dissertazione dei principi dell'armonia musicale (1767; Dissertation on the Principles of Musical Harmony). His theoretical works also include Trattato delle appoggiature (Treatise on Ornamentation).