WARD, MRS. HUMPHRY

ne Mary Augusta Arnold born June 11, 1851, Tasmania died March 24, 1920, London English novelist whose best known work, Robert Elsmere, created a sensation in its day by advocating a Christianity based on social concern rather than theology. The daughter of a brother of the poet Matthew Arnold, she grew up in an atmosphere of religious searching. Her father resigned his position as a school official in Australia to become a Roman Catholic but later returned temporarily to the Anglican Church and settled the family at Oxford. There Mary Augusta matured in stimulating scholarly surroundings. In 1872 she married Humphry Ward, a Fellow at Brasenose College. In 1881 they moved to London, where she wrote for the Pall Mall Gazette and other periodicals. Mary Augusta Ward's rejection of a supernaturally oriented Christianity in favour of a strong social commitment found eloquent expression in her novel Robert Elsmere (1888), the story of a young Anglican clergyman's conversion to the belief that "Religion consists alone in the service of the people." The popularity of this controversial work was only increased by William Gladstone's polemical reply, "Robert Elsmere and the Battle of Belief " (1888). Ward followed its success with more than 20 other didactic novels. She usually based her characters on actual people recognizable to her readers. Ward worked tirelessly for social improvement; she was responsible for the foundation of the Invalid Children's School (1899) and for the establishment of evening play centres by the London County Council in 1905. She opposed the Women's Suffrage Movement, however, fearing in emancipation a loss of women's moral influence. In 1908 she founded the Anti-Suffrage League.