ZANARDELLI, GIUSEPPE

born Oct. 29, 1826, Brescia, Lombardy, Austrian Empire died Dec. 26, 1903, Moderno, Italy Italian prime minister from 1901 to 1903 and an associate of the early-20th-century liberal leader Giovanni Giolitti; Zanardelli was a champion of parliamentary rights and followed a conciliatory policy toward labour in a time of great unrest. A combatant in the volunteer corps during the war of 1848, he returned to Brescia after the defeat of Novara, and for a time earned a livelihood by teaching law, but was molested by the Austrian police and forbidden to teach because of his refusal to contribute pro-Austrian articles to the press. Elected deputy in 1859, he received various administrative appointments, but attained a political office only in 1876 when the Left, of which he had been a prominent and influential member, came into power. For the next 20 years he served in various ministries, in the justice or the interior posts. He served in the Cabinet of the Marchese di Rudini from 1896, but resigned his position in protest when Rudini declared martial law in places where outbreaks of mob rioting occurred in 1898. Asked to form a government in 1901 by King Victor Emmanuel III, Zanardelli chose Giolitti as his minister of the interior; although the period was marked by strikes, Zanardelli did ensure proper parliamentary practices, decreased excessive taxes on the poor, and put an end to strikebreaking by the army. Extremely anticlerical, Zanardelli was forced to resign (1903) when opposition mounted to his attempts to pass divorce legislation.