noun
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
a computer language (= a system of instructions used to program a computer )
a language learner
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a textbook for language learners
a language/art/design etc course
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The school runs ten-week language courses three times a year.
assembly language
body language (= the movements and expressions that show what you feel )
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Nervousness is usually clearly expressed in body language.
body language
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It was obvious from Luke’s body language that he was nervous.
everyday language
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Describe it in ordinary everyday language .
filthy language/story/joke etc
first language
inappropriate behaviour/response/language etc
language laboratory
language skills (= the ability to use a language )
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We need to hire people with useful language skills.
language/English/science etc teaching
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She has considerable experience in language teaching.
language/history/science etc teacher
living language (= one that people still use )
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a living language
modern language
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a degree in modern languages
modern languages British English (= languages that are spoken today, as a subject of study )
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French, German and other modern languages
Romance language
second language
sign language
the language barrier (= the problem of understanding people who do not speak the same language. )
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Living in China was hard for me at first because of the language barrier.
tone language
use...language
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Don’t use bad language .
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ ADJECTIVE
bad
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Prince Charles yesterday parodied Hamlet to illustrate how literature could be destroyed by bad use of language .
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Teachers and school psychologists will tell you that bad language is the first symptom of conflict and it only escalates from there.
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The Professional's wife, acting as Steward, was dismissed for bad language and automatically it cost her husband his job.
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They accompanied bad language with good works.
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But he would never use bad language when he was near his bees.
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He doesn't like bad language .
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The bulk of reported incidents again concerned bad language and unsportsmanlike conduct.
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The first - bad language - demonstrates the value of ignoring as a first line of defence.
different
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But perhaps the most important feature which makes communication possible across different sign languages is the shared culture of deaf people.
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That the regular correspondence occurs in words among different languages that are the same or similar in meaning is crucial also.
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Images, she notes, are signifiers of a different order than language .
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The user can click on a button to switch between the different languages .
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Several parallel editions in the different languages are to be recommended.
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We might speak different languages but we're all the same.
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Indeed it is its very innateness, given sufficient divergence between different languages , that make such counterexamples seem possible.
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Speakers of different languages and cultural backgrounds, and from different social groups, vary quite significantly in their preferred language norms.
foreign
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Its main focus is foreign languages: teaching, learning, research and policy.
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On the streets were strange people who spoke a foreign language .
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Couldn't understand it, though, it was in a foreign language .
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But even if you speak many foreign languages , such transactions become difficult for currency reasons.
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He couldn't speak any foreign languages .
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Despite their isolation the doctors often speak foreign languages .
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According to Marx, the ability to understand humour in a foreign language is a mark of the highest linguistic skill.
foul
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The Police are seemingly unable to do anything about it, especially against the use of the foulest language accompanying such vice.
modern
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Our modern language and our modern writing have grown out of the language and literature of the past.
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J., is an associate professor of modern and classical languages at the University of San Francisco.
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We noted earlier that, as well as a shortage of science teachers in schools, there is a shortage of modern language teachers.
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The last group was used in secondary schools and in the modern language institute in Tunis.
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Students combining Latin with a modern language usually spend their third year studying Latin at a university in the appropriate country.
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Descriptive Neither historical nor comparative grammar is a likely foundation for a modern language method.
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And the importance of modern language teaching will be very much greater.
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The Nuffield modern languages survey has not yet reported and the only available account is an interim report from 1985.
native
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But dialect features are not errors in this sense at all, but are characteristics of a pupil's native language .
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Most children in all cultures begin to master their native language around age 2.
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Their native music and language is, however, a means of restoring some identity and self-respect.
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Interference from the native language is probably one of the most noticeable aspects of the early stages in second language learning.
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Task groups are formulating standards for the areas of multiprocessor technologies, compliance technologies and native language system localisation.
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Explanations, information and annotations in the user's native language relate to the procedures and practice in the foreign language.
natural
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However for computer processing of natural language ambiguity causes a large problem.
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Semantic net infrastructure A semantic network is a graph where natural language terms have been used to label the nodes and links.
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Language and linguistics Over the past decade, work on formal theories of meaning for natural languages has developed very swiftly.
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Such experimental retrieval may be more necessary for searches using the natural language of the document.
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In the light of all this, I do not think it premature to put forward an evolutionary scenario for natural language .
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In some circumstances natural language indexing may reflect more closely the terms used by the searcher.
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The development of a natural language interface to a database has proved to be more tractable than other applications.
official
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They must speak only in one of four official languages .
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It should be an easy task to produce a comparative table listing official language policies.
ordinary
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It is good because it is written in friendly, ordinary language and where jargon creeps in, it is explained.
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The accused may be guilty even though he does not in ordinary language obtain a service.
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What this meant in ordinary language was that only those who subscribed to Francoist ideals would be remembered and honoured.
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So once again the emphasis is not on poetry in itself, but on the difference between poetry and ordinary language .
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The third aspect of ordinary language which is violated by poetry is semantics.
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Reality is at his disposal in the same way that ordinary language and the current literary conventions and devices are.
other
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What is apparent, on the other hand, is that the oral/aural use of the other languages is not diminishing.
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Fang, Bubi and other indigenous languages .
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Secondary aims included conforming to existing industry standards and defining interfaces to other languages .
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By 1910 there were translations into six other languages , including a Yiddish version published in London.
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It has so much depth, much more than if I were to express myself in other languages .
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Soussou, Manika and six other local languages widely spoken.
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No other ancient language succeeded in doing this.
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It has official status in many countries where other languages are also spoken.
spoken
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It is not however so well suited to an intensive, detailed study of spoken language .
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In understanding spoken language , lexical access is achieved by using information from the acoustic representation of a word.
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Living Language How people express themselves in words Spoken language is what you speechread.
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This would count as a very serious mistake in spoken language interpreting.
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The same arguments apply to children's spoken language .
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This is true even though they bring to the search the knowledge they already possess about how spoken language works.
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Traditional behavioural formulations have regarded spoken language as the minimal units for any form of analysis.
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The purpose was to show that he too used spoken language and that it and Tarvarian were mutually incomprehensible.
strong
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The monitors of the People's Daily's main discussion group let this strong language remain on the website.
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Jacobson said he would have preferred stronger language on limiting fats, cholesterol, sodium and sugar.
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It condemned racialism in the strongest language .
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Northern church leaders used equally strong language about their southern counterparts.
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Thus, a slightly different analysis / interpretation of the empirical data avoids the strong causal language of the other two studies.
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He too has strong feelings about language , but they are directed mostly at marshmallow prose.
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In a press conference, Bush supporters used the strongest language so far to impugn the legitimacy of the continued Florida recounts.
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The airlines use stronger language to discourage them.
written
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For many teachers therefore written language is equated with literary language, with the polished performance of narrative, drama or poetry.
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Many facets of spoken language are absent from written language.
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The author of written language , however, can not respond in this way.
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That use of the passive in written language which allows non-attribution of agency is typically absent from conversational speech.
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For example, written language typically has to express things more explicitly, because it has to stand on its own.
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For written language this involves information about how letters combine to form words, or orthography.
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Thus supported, children will go on to extend their knowledge of written language by themselves.
■ NOUN
barrier
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Then there is the language barrier .
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The lack of communication is emphasized by the language barrier .
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Schools unwittingly erect a language barrier which must exclude great numbers of parents.
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It has crossed language barriers as easily as it has iron curtains and great walls.
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It was true they were very quiet which the Girls thought was a combination of shyness and the language barrier .
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There was, first, the language barrier .
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Because of the language barrier and culture shock, such insights are far too rare.
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Confusion caused by language barriers is the most obvious, but beliefs about proper behavior and courtesy also shift across cultural lines.
body
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Your body language will speak volumes about your happy state. 4 Inhibition decreases.
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You need to see the body language .
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Yet body language often tells us so much more than mere words.
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Disbelief is virtually shouted in the body language of those gathered.
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Upon meeting them you instantly see what they look like, and quickly observe their facial expressions, gestures and body language .
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She can read it in her body language .
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This responsiveness to body language also affects the way horses react to humans.
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We have a different look and body language right now.
learner
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N.B. Languages and language learners are very idiosyncratic and what works for some may not work for others.
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Foreign language learners need to enter into long stretches of communication, in real and complex situations.
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The direct questions we needed to ask of deaf people could not be asked adequately, since we were only language learners .
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The book is designed specifically with the needs of the language learner in mind.
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Their value for a language learner is that they contain all kinds of examples of people communicating.
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Obviously this would only apply to programmes which would be used by many language learners .
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The language learner needs to be able to handle language which is not idealized - language in use.
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Some language learners also find it easier to hear e.g. a word initial sound at a predictable point in a frame.
learning
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The importance of listening in language learning is often overlooked.
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We do not need, then, to embrace the semantic asymmetry in order to give an account of language learning .
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Interference from the native language is probably one of the most noticeable aspects of the early stages in second language learning .
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Lingua, promoting foreign language learning .
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About one third of your daily language learning time should be spent in this activity.
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Language learning through enjoyment Variety and enjoyment are vital at the primary stages of language learning.
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The prediction in relation to language learning is to some extent confusing.
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Avoidance is a negative strategy seen in language learning .
sign
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Very frequently in the literature earlier discussions about sign language universality are described as myths or misconceptions.
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Their beautiful movement and artistic sign language adds a new dimension to the production.
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But perhaps the most important feature which makes communication possible across different sign languages is the shared culture of deaf people.
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The only means of communication was sign language .
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His sign language was, on the whole, positive.
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By now I was extremely hungry, so I used sign language to beg the official for food.
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But with practical help using sign language and sounds, experts say learning becomes easier instead of being frustrating.
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The clear implication is that there is one universal sign language .
skill
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Mathematical and language skills unite in the understanding of logic and reasoning, an essential component of mature intelligence.
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Children develop their language skills with reading and writing.
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It aims to improve teacher effectiveness and emphasises the development of language skills and awareness through the co-operative exploration of teaching/learning problems.
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Frustrated educators search for dramatic new ways to get at one root of the problem: language skills .
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Foreign language skills would also be an asset.
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Instead, he said, almost every child subjected to the computer animation and sound games rapidly learned normal language skills .
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A recent job advert for travel representatives abroad asked for language skills and included signing in the list of useful languages.
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They kept to themselves, however, and you could never be sure of either their language skills or their motives.
target
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Decide from the very beginning that your aim is to use the target language as much as possible in the sessions.
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This creates additional problems of target language suitability, problems which have yet to be solved.
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Is the contact of the learner with the target language group likely to be intermittent rather than extensive?
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For this reason, spoken language interpreters are specifically trained to reject the effects of their utterance of the target language.
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This can happen when the target language has a grammatical category which the source language lacks.
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You can use a camera in the classroom to let learners see and hear themselves communicating in the target language .
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Differential grammar enables us to determine some of the main grammatical difficulties involved in learning the target language .
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Module 1 is designed for beginners ie those with no prior knowledge of the target language .
teacher
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The roles of applied linguist and language teacher are different; they work to different professional briefs.
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What we need to decide as language teachers is the degree to which other components of communication need teaching.
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Such is the current shortage of foreign language teachers .
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They are more often than not monolingual and monocultural and, as language teachers , in a position of power.
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It is interesting to note that we often refer to the training rather than education of language teachers .
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Working abroad is particularly appropriate for language teachers .
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He travelled widely throughout the Balkans, then went to Vienna in 1771, where he was employed as a language teacher .
teaching
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The underlying educational values in language teaching , then, are not often clearly stated or conceptualized.
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Using an integrated programme of modules, the programme achieved outstanding results in language teaching .
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This problem is very much in evidence in language teaching too.
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Vocabulary Vocabulary provides a clear and comprehensive overview of this important area of language teaching .
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There are implications for language teaching and learning in all of them.
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Supporters like Jim Cummins maintain that heritage language teaching is an important step in helping immigrant students realize their potential.
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Then consider this invented dialogue from a language teaching textbook.
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Of course, many people concerned with language teaching have come to a similar conclusion.
use
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And yet our eventual objective must be to prepare learners to cope with the natural conditions of language use .
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But settling questions of language use is the job of pragmatics-the study of the use of language in context.
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Project Video stimulates active language use Project Video provides a stimulus for learners to produce their own projects.
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What I am seeking to do is to outline a model of language use .
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Nor was I surprised that I often had to show the students how language use might be made meaningful.
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In chapters 6 and 7 I would like to propose a characterization of grammar and language use which shows their interdependence.
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In his work on social class and linguistic styles, Basil Bernstein has identified two different modes of language use .
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They are based on observations of everyday experience and language use .
■ VERB
learn
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They travelled here for refuge or for rest, To learn the language or to taste the fruit.
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It reminded me of learning a foreign language .
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He may even be able to tackle learning a foreign language .
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There are rich possibilities at meals for kids to learn about language and literacy.
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His most striking proposition to the lay reader is that human beings are genetically programmed to learn certain kinds of language .
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Another option is to learn the language .
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Language teachers may tend to present the view that it is the only way to learn the language .
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Instead, he said, almost every child subjected to the computer animation and sound games rapidly learned normal language skills.
programme
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Much of the software currently in use is based upon virtually extinct programming languages that hardly anyone understands any more.
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Perhaps the most important change in Netscape Version 2 is its ability to run programs written in the Java programming language .
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Microsoft and Sun, of Palo Alto, are sparring over the Java programming language .
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For that reason, Apple broke tradition and did not include a programming language along with the machine.
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To deal with that issue, Java was deliberately crippled as a programming language .
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It would also run on the Java programming language .
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The best-known example is Java, a programming language from Sun Microsystems that can bring web pages to life.
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Java is a programming language that Sun unveiled last year.
speak
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She speaks several languages and partakes of many specialized vocabularies in the context of her daily existence.
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They seemed to speak the same language .
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He speaks five languages , but doesn't use them much - in speech, that is, though he reads a lot.
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We saturate babies in the cadences, sounds, rhythms, and purposes of spoken language .
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We did not speak their language , of course, so we used our hands and faces to show that we were hungry.
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We might speak different languages but we're all the same.
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Was she the only one in this part of the world who only spoke one language ?
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The child at the stage of concrete operations can assume the viewpoint of others and spoken language is social and communicative.
teach
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I was writing at the time and trying to teach myself languages .
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Y., has introduced a bill to ban federal funds from being spent on programs that teach ebonics as a language .
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There are also extensive entries on classroom practice, teaching methods, the language laboratory and the psychology of learning.
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But it is not present in gorillas-which evolved midway between orangs and chimps-and gorillas can be taught a simple gestural language .
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In other words, writing can teach us about language .
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Anyone concerned with selecting a class book for teaching a language will face a wide choice of texts.
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One of the girls is teaching me the language .
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It taught people about a language , but not how to use that knowledge in talking or communication.
understand
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Man understands his kind of language .
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It was a theology of pruning and purification, and this impulse was reflected in how they understood language .
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Until these questions are answered, no computer can be said to understand language .
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Fong understood neither their language nor their disgusting habits.
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Language and linguistics People understand language by using their knowledge about everyday life to add to what is explicitly stated.
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I wanted to help him, but I felt constricted, struggling against the limitations of understanding and language .
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I did not struggle, and spoke politely to him, although I knew he did not understand any of my languages .
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Dineh could not understand their language , but he heard something else.
write
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Their written language was the most advanced of the pre-Columbian scripts, and their astronomical knowledge beyond compare.
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The proposal should be written in direct language .
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Being written in different programming languages , there was no literal similarity between the programs.
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What gets lost in all this are the real needs of children and adults working to make written language their own.
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It is written in simple non-technical language .
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His written language was far more flawed than hers had been at the outset; his thoughts were very simple and cliched.
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It will also use ObjectStore to recognise code, data and objects written in different programming languages .
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But she had never learned to read or write the language of her adopted land.
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
dead language
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Latin is a dead language.
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Also included is the artificial adoption of dead languages for nationalistic purposes.
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He made the dead languages into living literature.
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He stared, then said her words himself, the way he'd spoken Latin as a boy. Dead language.
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There are some who call Yiddish a dead language, but so was Hebrew called for two thousand years.
foul language
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Never use foul language to a customer.
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The Police are seemingly unable to do anything about it, especially against the use of the foulest language accompanying such vice.
in plain English/language
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A weekly publication that analyzes some 1, 700 different stocks, Value Line is written in plain language.
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Our subsequent telephone conversation was a study in plain language, but McFarlane held his ground and made no apologies.
mind your manners/language/p's and q's
native language/tongue
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English is not his native language.
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And as they learn their native language, they also use language to learn other things.
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But dialect features are not errors in this sense at all, but are characteristics of a pupil's native language.
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But for most of us our native tongue is alive and constantly shifting.
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It is perfectly possible to communicate with little or no such similarity or else children would never learn their native tongue.
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Some of the early researchers took a pessimistic view of what we would lose with the disappearance of native languages.
play with words/language
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But why shouldn't feminists play with language for political ends?
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Children learn vocabulary from talking, reading, writing, and from playing with words.
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Recognising this, some feminists have used the alternative strategy of deliberately playing with words rather than attempting straightforwardly to redefine them.
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Rhymesters, poets, writers, and jokers of all kinds - and their audiences - have always loved playing with words.
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She was given to playing with words in that way.
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Young children play with language, trying out sounds before they start experimenting with words.
speak the same language
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Politically they are our enemies, but when it comes to trade I think we speak the same language.
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When your sales, marketing, and production people are all speaking the same language, it pays real dividends.
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His actions now speak the same language.
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If we're to communicate, you and I, we have to be sure we're speaking the same language.
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Some one from industry might be seen by employers as speaking the same language as they do themselves. 5.
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They spoke the same language of progress, and shared a cautious trust that they knew could be relied on.
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They seemed to speak the same language.
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Very likely he expects a bambina - even Constanza found they didn't speak the same language any more.
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We speak the same language, share similar interests.
spoken English/language etc
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At 2 years of age, children begin to master spoken language, a system of arbitrary signs.
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For this reason, spoken language interpreters are specifically trained to reject the effects of their utterance of the target language.
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In normal spoken language there are often clear pragmatic constraints on the choice of particular syntactic forms.
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In order of their emergence, they are deferred imitation, symbolic play, drawing, mental imagery, and spoken language.
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Neologisms come and go very quickly in spoken language but tend to be less frequent in writing.
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Researchers at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore have found that testosterone aids spatial thinking, but interferes with performance of spoken language.
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The purpose was to show that he too used spoken language and that it and Tarvarian were mutually incomprehensible.
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The same arguments apply to children's spoken language.
strong language
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Admiral Boyd opposed the idea in the strongest language I had ever heard him use.
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In a press conference, Bush supporters used the strongest language so far to impugn the legitimacy of the continued Florida recounts.
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It condemned racialism in the strongest language.
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Jacobson said he would have preferred stronger language on limiting fats, cholesterol, sodium and sugar.
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Jefferson never used stronger language than Carroll did against religion supPorted by law.
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Northern church leaders used equally strong language about their southern counterparts.
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The monitors of the People's Daily's main discussion group let this strong language remain on the website.
target language
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Decide from the very beginning that your aim is to use the target language as much as possible in the sessions.
▪
Differential grammar enables us to determine some of the main grammatical difficulties involved in learning the target language.
▪
For this reason, spoken language interpreters are specifically trained to reject the effects of their utterance of the target language.
▪
Is the contact of the learner with the target language group likely to be intermittent rather than extensive?
▪
Module 1 is designed for beginners ie those with no prior knowledge of the target language.
▪
This can happen when the target language has a grammatical category which the source language lacks.
▪
This creates additional problems of target language suitability, problems which have yet to be solved.
▪
You can use a camera in the classroom to let learners see and hear themselves communicating in the target language.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
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"What language do they speak in Brazil?" "Portuguese."
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language skills
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a fascinating article about the language of baseball
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Books about physics are usually written in highly technical language .
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Confused by the legal language of the letter, Patterson called his attorney.
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English is the island's official language , but people also speak French and Creole.
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Every child develops the natural ability to use language .
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Every pupil has to learn at least one foreign language .
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How many languages do you speak?
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It's difficult living in a country where you don't speak the language .
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People often find the medical language used by doctors confusing.
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She can speak four different languages - French, German, English, and Dutch.
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the language of music
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the Japanese language
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the programming language C++
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There are ways of communicating without language .
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You never heard such language ! It was disgusting.