born Aug. 15, 1890, New York, N.Y., U.S.
died Oct. 22, 1963, Palo Alto, Calif.
U.S. physiologist.
He studied at the University of Leipzig and worked in Budapest, Sierra Leone, and Honduras before returning to the U.S., where he studied alcoholism . He was an early proponent of the theory that alcoholism should be treated as a disease. He gathered and summarized his and others' research in the authoritative Alcohol Explored (1942) and The Disease Concept of Alcoholism (1960).