I
German Friedrich known as Frederick Barbarossa ("Redbeard")
born с 1123
died June 10, 1190, Kingdom of Armenia
Duke of Swabia (1147–90), German king (1152–90), and Holy Roman Emperor (1155–90).
He signed the Treaty of Constance (1153), which promised him the imperial crown in return for his allegiance to the papacy. In 1154 he launched the first of six military campaigns against northern Italy and suppressed a revolt in Rome that restored the pope who crowned Frederick emperor in 1155. His support for a series of antipopes against Alexander III led to his excommunication in 1160 and a prolonged struggle with Rome. Renewed expeditions against Italy met with opposition from the Lombard League , which inflicted a severe defeat on Frederick in 1176. In the Crusade in 1189 but drowned while crossing a river.
II
German Friedrich
born July 11, 1657, Königsberg, Prussia
died Feb. 25, 1713, Berlin, Ger.
King of Prussia (1701–13).
In 1688 he succeeded his father, Frederick William , as elector of Brandenburg (as Frederick III). In European politics, Frederick allied himself with Austria, England, and Holland against France. Prussia's contingents in the imperial army distinguished themselves in the wars of the Grand Alliance and in the War of the Spanish Succession . Austria and Prussia signed a secret treaty that permitted Frederick to crown himself king of Prussia, which was obliged to support Austria militarily and in imperial affairs. As a monarchy, Prussia's diverse {{link=Hohenzollern dynasty">Hohenzollern lands were turned into provinces, and Frederick freed the new kingdom from imperial control and increased its revenues.