I
German Heinrich
born с 1269/74, Valenciennes, Hainaut
died Aug. 24, 1313, Buonconvento, near Siena, Italy
Count of Luxembourg (as Henry IV), German king (1308–13), and Holy Roman Emperor (1312–13).
The first German king of the House of Luxembourg, he strengthened the position of his family by obtaining the throne of Bohemia for his son. He became ruler of Lombardy (1311) but faced conflicts between Guelphs and Ghibellines . Though crowned emperor at Rome, he was unable to subdue Florence or Naples, and he failed in his attempt to bind Italy firmly to the empire.
II
orig. Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond
(b. Jan. 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Wales
d. April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, Eng.) King of England (1485–1509) and founder of the Tudor dynasty.
As earl of Richmond and a kinsman in the House of Lancaster , he fled to Brittany after the triumph of the Yorkist forces in 1471. He later returned to England, rallied the opponents of Richard III , and defeated him at the Battle of Roses , though Yorkist plots continued. He made peace with France (1492), the Netherlands (1496), and Scotland (1499) and used his children's marriages to build European alliances. His commercial treaties and promotion of trade made England wealthy and powerful. He was succeeded by his son {{link=Henry">Henry VIII .