BELL, CLIVE

born September 16, 1881, East Shefford, Berkshire, England died September 17, 1964, London in full Arthur Clive Heward Bell English art critic who helped popularize the art of the Post-Impressionists in Great Britain. Bell graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1902 and spent the next several years studying art in Paris and then back in London. In 1907 he married Vanessa Stephen, the sister of Virginia Stephen (later Virginia Woolf), and he was an early active member of the circle of English writers and artists called the Bloomsbury group. Bell also formed an important friendship with the English art critic Roger Fry in 1910, and together they organized the landmark second Post-Impressionist exhibition that was held in London in 1912. Bell's most important contribution to art criticism was the theory of "significant form," as described in his books Art (1914) and Since Czanne (1922). He asserted that purely formal qualities-i.e., the relationships and combinations of lines and colours-are the most important elements in works of art. The aesthetic emotion aroused in the viewer by a painting springs primarily from an apprehension of its significant form, rather than from a "reading" of its subject matter. Bell pointed to the works of Paul Czanne as those in which formal properties were manifested most purely, and Bell also attacked the public's preoccupation with the anecdotal, narrative, and morally didactic functions of traditional realistic painting. Bell's assertion that art appreciation involves an emotional response to purely formal properties proved widely influential for several decades, though he was later seriously criticized for his sweeping assertion of the primacy of form over content in art. Among Bell's other publications are Landmarks in Nineteenth-Century French Painting (1927) and a volume of reminiscences, Old Friends: Personal Recollections (1956).