BLOODY SUNDAY

Russian Krovavoye Voskresenye (Jan. 22 [Jan. 9, old style], 1905), massacre of peaceful demonstrators in St. Petersburg, Russia, marking the beginning of the violent phase of the Russian Revolution of 1905. At the end of the 19th century, industrial workers in Russia had begun to organize; police agents, anxious to prevent the Labour Movement from being dominated by revolutionary influences, formed legal labour unions and encouraged the workers to concentrate their energies on making economic gains and to disregard broader social and political problems. In January 1905 a wave of strikes, partly planned by one of the legal organizations of workersthe Assembly of Russian Workingmenbroke out in St. Petersburg. The leader of the assembly, the priest Georgy Gapon, hoping to present the workers' request for reforms directly to Emperor Nicholas II, arranged a mass demonstration. Having told the authorities of his plan, he led the workerswho were peacefully carrying religious icons, pictures of Nicholas, and petitions citing their grievances and desired reformstoward the square before the Winter Palace. Nicholas was not in the city. The chief of the security policeNicholas' uncle, Grand Duke Vladimirtried to stop the march, then ordered his police to fire upon the demonstrators. More than 100 marchers were killed and several hundred more were wounded. The massacre was followed by a series of strikes in other cities, peasant uprisings in the country, and mutinies in the armed forces, which seriously threatened the tsarist regime and became known as the Revolution of 1905.