BROWN, SIR JOHN

born Dec. 6, 1816, Sheffield, Yorkshire [now South Yorkshire], Eng. died Dec. 27, 1896, Bromley, Kent [now Greater London] British armour-plate manufacturer who developed rolled-steel plates for naval warships. Brown began as an apprentice to a cutlery firm. In 1848 he invented the conical steel spring buffer for railway cars. In 1856 he established the Atlas ironworks in Sheffield, which produced ordnance forgings, railway bars, steel springs, and axles. Besides supplying iron to the Sheffield steel trade, Brown himself made improvements on the Bessemer process. In 1860 he saw at Toulon the French ship La Gloire, which was timber built but was armoured with hammered plate. Deciding that the plates could be rolled instead of hammered, Brown determined to attempt the production of rolled armour plate for the British navy. Lord Palmerston, the prime minister, visited Sheffield and helped convince the government of the practicability of Brown's scheme, which soon led to orders for armour plate sufficient to protect about three-quarters of the ships of the Royal Navy. Brown was knighted in 1867.