CHILDREN'S GAME

any of the amusements and pastimes of children that may involve spontaneous, unstructured activity, based mostly on fantasy and imagination, or organized games with set rules. Many games are derived from everyday life and reflect the culture from which they developed. Some children's games have been played for centuries. Swings existed on the island of Crete in 1600 BC, and jacks, or knucklebones, a game that involves tossing and then catching five or more jackstones, was played in ancient Greece. Both blindman's buff and a chase game, in which one team chases another team depending on the toss of a coin or disk, date from 2,000 years ago. As social attitudes changed, some games became less popular, while others, especially those that involved violence toward animals, eventually disappeared. A few children's games became more structured and often lost their entertainment value. Technological innovations have greatly influenced the history of children's games. The discovery of rubber, for example, led to the creation of new types of balls, which in turn increased the number and frequency of ball games played. These changes were accompanied by new cultural and trade ties with other societies, and, as a result, different toys (e.g., the kite from China) were introduced. Video and computer technology has also spawned a new generation of electronic games. Children learn to play primarily from their parents or other adults. Play often provides a training ground from which a child learns to develop skills that will be useful later in life. Although modern sports tend to have fixed rules, children generally prefer games that require less-specialized equipment, preparation, and playing area. Hopscotch, leapfrog, and marbles are particularly popular games, as are the various improvised games that involve running, chasing, and catching. Many games-primarily guessing games, quizzes, and games that test physical coordination-are played by children and adults together. Manufactured games were originally used as a method of instruction beginning in the 17th century. The later development of geographic games, in which countries were cut out of maps and children attempted to put them back correctly, led to the creation of the jigsaw puzzle, and other entertainment forms shortly followed. Many 19th-century games are still distributed, including pachisi and snakes-and-ladders. Monopoly, developed in 1933, has become one of the most popular board games of all time.