CROWN JEWELS

royal ornaments used in the actual ceremony of consecration, and the formal ensigns of monarchy worn or carried on occasions of state, as well as the collections of rich personal jewelry brought together by various European sovereigns as valuable assets not of their individual estates but of the offices they filled and the royal houses to which they belonged. The practice is not yet obsolete, notably in England with the personal possessions of the late queen Mary and of Queen Victoria. The term is one that can lead to confusion, as with the crown jewels of Ireland, which were not connected with any coronation ceremony and included no crown. Rather, they comprised a jewelled star of the Order of St. Patrick and a diamond brooch and five gold collars of that order, all of which were crown property and were stolen from Dublin Castle in 1907. Many such collections of hereditary royal jewelry have been assembled, confiscated, and dispersed in the last few centuries, but certain items of particular splendour have been recorded and some even illustrated, e.g., watercolour drawings on vellum of four magnificent jewelled ornaments given by Edward IV of England in 1475 to Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, on the occasion of the Duke's marriage to Edward's sister Margaret. Further, a 17th-century inventory of the abbey treasures of Saint-Denis in France has engraved illustrations of many valuable objects that were dispersed through sale or theft during the French Revolutionary period. Napoleon I traced and recovered only some of the missing objects, but in 1887 most of the collection was sold by public auction. Similarly, the magnificent collection of crown jewels, mostly diamonds, owned by the tsars of Russia was cataloged and illustrated in 1926, when the Soviet government proposed to sell it in its entirety; some of the stones found their way to a London sales room, but the scheme as a whole was abandoned, and the crown jewels are displayed in the Kremlin in Moscow. Diamond brooches, badges, necklaces, orders, tiaras, sword-hilts, and coronets also were acquired by the royal houses of Saxony, Bavaria, and Portugal, in particular, and are still to be seen in Dresden, Munich, and Lisbon, respectively.