DUNG BEETLE

also called Dung Chafer, or Tumblebug, any member of the scarab subfamily Scarabaeinae (Coprinae) of the insect order Coleoptera. The dung beetle forms manure into a ballsometimes as large as an applewith its scooper-like head and paddle-shaped antennae. In the early part of the summer the dung beetle buries itself and the ball and feeds on it. Later in the season the female deposits eggs in balls of dung, on which the larvae will later feed. Dung beetles are usually round with short wing covers (elytra) that expose the end of the abdomen. They vary in size from 5 to 30 millimetres (0.2 to more than 1 inch) and are usually dark in colour, although some have a metallic lustre. On the top of the male's head is a long, curved horn. Dung beetles can eat more than their own weight in 24 hours and are considered helpful to man because they speed up the process of converting manure to substances usable by other organisms. The sacred scarab of ancient Egypt (Scarabaeus sacer), found in many paintings and jewelry, is a dung beetle. Egyptian cosmogony includes the scarab beetle rolling its ball of dung; the ball represents the Earth and the beetle the Sun. The 30 segments of its six legsactually, this species has only 20, but closely related ones do have 30represent the 30 days of each month. An interesting member of this subfamily is the Australian Macrocopris symbioticus, which lives in the anus of the wallaby. The Indian scarabs Heliocopris and certain Catharsius species make very large manure balls and cover them with a layer of clay, which becomes so hard when dry that the balls were once thought to be old stone cannonballs. Members of other scarab subfamilies are also called dung beetles; e.g., Aphodiinae and Geotrupinae. Instead of forming balls, however, they excavate a chamber under a pile of dung that is used during feeding or for depositing eggs. The aphodian dung beetle is small (4 to 6 mm, or about 1/5 in.) and usually black with yellow wing covers. The earth-boring dung beetle (e.g., Geotrupes) is about 14 to 20 mm (about 1/2 to 3/4 in.) long and brown or black in colour. Geotrupes stercorarius, known as the dor beetle, is a common European dung beetle.