FERRARI, GIUSEPPE

born March 7, 1811, Milan, Kingdom of Italy died June 2, 1876, Rome Italian historian and political philosopher who is best known for his study of Italian revolutions. After receiving his doctorate in law at the University of Pavia (1831), Ferrari wrote two books on political thought and published a complete edition of the works of Giambattista Vico (1835). In 1838 Ferrari went to France, and in 1840 he received his doctorate in letters from the Sorbonne, meanwhile writing Vico et l'Italie (1839; Vico and Italy). First endowed with a chair in philosophy at the college at Rochefort, he became assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Strasbourg in 1842. After expressing unorthodox views that angered the Strasbourg clergy, he soon returned to Paris. In 1843 he wrote Essai sur le principe et les limites de la philosophie de l'histoire (Essay on the Principle and Limits of the Philosophy of History) and was given another chair that year at Strasbourg; but again his views raised the ire of the academic community, and he was suspended in 1849. During the 1850s Ferrari prepared several works, among them Filosofia della rivoluzione, 2 vol. (1851; Philosophy of Revolution), and Histoire des rvolutions d'Italie, 4 vol. (1858; History of the Revolutions of Italy). The latter work was a survey of Italian revolutionary struggles from ancient Roman times to the collapse of the Florentine Republic in 1530 and a glorification of revolution as an impetus to national creativity and progress toward greater political liberty. His Teoria dei periodi politici (1874; Theory of Political Periods), influenced by Vico, elaborated more completely his scheme of history. Ferrari returned to Italy in 1859 to take part in politics there. Elected deputy for Luino, he espoused a federal democratic republic for Italy. He received chairs at Milan and other universities. He continued to write prolifically and at his death was writing L'aritmetica della storia, in which he set forth the mechanistic view that history was statistically determined both in manner and in time.