GROUP

in chemistry, a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table. The elements in a group have similarities in the electronic configuration of their atoms, and thus they exhibit somewhat related physical and chemical properties. The periodic table has eight main groups: 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 (previously numbered Ia, IIa, IIIa, IVa, Va, VIa, VIIa, and 0, respectively). Each group consists of elements that have similar electronic structures characterized by completely filled inner electron shells and by a number of electrons in their outermost shells equal to the group number. Ten other groups3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 (previously numbered IIIb, IVb, Vb, VIb, VIIb, VIII, Ib, and IIb, with group VIII comprising groups 8, 9, and 10)found only in Periods 4 to 7 of the table, are composed of elements of the transition series. With these elements the number of outermost electrons does not necessarily correspond to the group number. in mathematics, set that has a multiplication that is associative [a(bc) = (ab)c for any a, b, c] and that has an identity element and inverses for all elements of the set.