JOSEPH, FATHER

born Nov. 4, 1577, Paris died Dec. 18, 1638, Rueil, Fr. byname the Gray Eminence, French Pre Joseph, or l'minence Grise, original name Franois-Joseph le Clerc du Tremblay French mystic and religious reformer whose collaboration with Cardinal de Richelieu (the Red Eminence) gave him powers akin to those of a foreign minister, especially during Richelieu's ambitious campaign to finance France's participation in what became known as the Thirty Years' War. In 1599 Joseph joined the Capuchins, a strict branch of the Franciscans, and devoted himself to prayer, preaching, and the conversion of heretics. While reforming part of Notre-Dame de Fontevrault abbey (near Saumur) into a new order of nuns, he met Richelieu, who in 1611 made him his secretary. Joseph's ambition to convert European Protestants to Roman Catholicism coincided with Richelieu's political plans for French domination of Europe. Thus, Joseph devoted himself to a policy that imposed on Europe the miseries and crimes of the Thirty Years' War. He died hated by his countrymen. Additional reading Aldous Huxley, Grey Eminence (1941, reprinted 1975).