MATHURA ART

style of Buddhist visual art that flourished in the trading and pilgrimage centre of Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India, from the 2nd century BC to the 12th century AD; its most distinctive contributions were made during the Kushan and Gupta periods (1st6th century AD). Images in the mottled red sandstone from the nearby Sikri quarries are found widely distributed over north central India, attesting to Mathura's importance as an exporter of sculpture. The Mathura school was contemporaneous with a second important school of Kushan art, that of Gandhara in the northwest, which shows strong Greco-Roman influence. About the 1st century AD each area appears to have evolved separately its own representations of the Buddha. The Mathura images are related to the earlier yaksa (male nature deity) figures, a resemblance particularly evident in the colossal standing Buddha images of the early Kushan period. In these, and in the more representative seated Buddhas, the overall effect is one of enormous energy. The shoulders are broad, the chest swells, and the legs are firmly planted with feet spaced apart. Other characteristics are the shaven head; the usnisa (protuberance on the top of the head) indicated by a tiered spiral; a round smiling face; the right arm raised in abhaya-mudra (gesture of reassurance); the left arm akimbo or resting on the thigh; the drapery closely molding the body and arranged in folds over the left arm, leaving the right shoulder bare; and the presence of the lion throne rather than the lotus throne. Later, the hair began to be treated as a series of short flat spirals lying close to the head, the type that came to be the standard representation throughout the Buddhist world. Jaina and Hindu images of the period are carved in the same style, and the images of the Jaina Tirthankaras, or saints, are difficult to distinguish from contemporary images of the Buddha, except by reference to iconography. The dynastic portraits produced by the Mathura workshops are of special interest. These rigidly frontal figures of Kushan kings are dressed in Central Asian fashion, with belted tunic, high boots, and conical cap, a style of dress also used for representations of the Hindu sun god, Surya. The female figures at Mathura, carved in high relief on the pillars and gateways of both Buddhist and Jaina monuments, are frankly sensuous in their appeal. These delightful nude or seminude figures are shown in a variety of toilet scenes or in association with trees, indicating their continuance of the yaksi (female nature deity) tradition seen also at other Buddhist sites, such as Bharhut and Sanchi. As auspicious emblems of fertility and abundance they commanded a popular appeal that persisted with the rise of Buddhism.