MOULINS, MASTER OF

flourished c. 1480, c. 1500 anonymous French painter and miniaturist, considered the most significant artist of the French school of International Gothic painting. His anonym derives from his most notable work, a triptych (c. 1498) in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame at Moulins. While the brittle draperies, explicit detail, and enamel-like colours of this work reveal the artist's lifelong affinity for Flemish art (especially with that of Hugo van der Goes, under whom he may have studied), his style is unmistakably rooted in French artistic traditions, particularly those of Bourges and the Bourbonnais schools. The modeling of the faces suggests that he may also have been familiar with Italian art. Other paintings, such as the well-known Nativity with Cardinal Rolin (c. 1480), Portrait of a Praying Child (c. 1495), and Female Donor with St. Magdalen (c. 14951500), are attributed to the Master of Moulins on the basis of their stylistic relationship to the Moulins triptych. These works and others attributed to him indicate that he worked mainly for King Charles VIII, the Bourbon family, and the archduchess Margaret of Austria. A number of attempts have been made to identify the Master of Moulins. One hypothesis, based on the sitters of his portraits, identifies him as Jean Perral, official painter of Charles VIII and of Margaret of Austria. Another theory, based only on a strong similarity of style, identifies him with Jean Hay of Flemish origin, the painter of an Ecce Homo (1494) in the Muse d'Art Ancien, Brussels.