PELHAM, HENRY

born 1696 died March 6, 1754, London, Eng. Pelham, detail of a portrait by John Shackleton, c. 1752; in the National Portrait Gallery, prime minister of Great Britain from 1743 to 1754. A somewhat colourless politician, he worked for peace abroad and introduced important financial reforms. The son of Thomas, 1st Lord Pelham, he was educated at Hart Hall (later Hertford College), Oxford, and then served briefly in the army. First elected to Parliament in 1717, Pelham became a supporter of Robert Walpole (prime minister 173042), who helped him obtain appointments as lord of the Treasury (1721), secretary for war (1724), and paymaster to the forces (1730). After Walpole resigned under pressure from the House of Commons in 1742, Pelham became prime minister and chancellor of the Exchequer in a ministry that included his brother Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle, and John Carteret, a favourite of King George II. He led a relatively stable Whig ministry until his death in 1754, with much of his success stemming from his brother's brilliant electoral and parliamentary management. Carteret's attempts to involve England more deeply in conflict with France and Prussia (War of the Austrian Succession, 174048) caused Pelham to dismiss him in 1744, shortly after Carteret had been created Earl Granville. When George II continued to push for the return of Granville, Pelham retaliated by calling for a mass resignation of the ministers on Feb. 11, 1746the first such action in English history. Since Granville was unable to form a new ministry, Pelham returned to office three days later, bringing into his ministry William Pitt (later Earl of Chatham), whom the king disliked. Subsequently, Pelham's only serious political opposition came from Frederick Louis, prince of Wales, who unsuccessfully endeavoured to depict his father, George II, as a captive of the Pelhams. In 1748 Pelham signed the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which ended the War of the Austrian Succession, which he had seen as a severe financial drain on the country. After the war he accomplished a major reduction of the military establishment and of government expenses, and he reduced the land tax and consolidated the national debt. Additional reading John W. Wilkes, A Whig in Power (1964).