ROBERT, HENRY MARTYN

born May 2, 1837, Robertville, S.C., U.S. died May 11, 1923, Hornell, N.Y. U.S. Army officer, author of the standard manual on parliamentary procedure in the United States, known as Robert's Rules of Order. A graduate (1857) of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y., Robert was commissioned in the Corps of Engineers and retired (1901) with the rank of brigadier general. During the Civil War (186165) he constructed defenses for Washington, D.C.; Philadelphia; and the port of New Bedford, Mass. About 1862, while stationed at New Bedford, he presided over a turbulent meeting of his church; upon later investigation, he learned that there was no generally accepted set of parliamentary rules. He then began to write his own code, breaking with precedent when necessary. He had to pay the original publication cost, producing the Pocket Manual of Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies in 1876. The work was immediately successful and went through numerous editions during Robert's lifetime, including the 1915 revision, entitled Robert's Rules of Order Revised for Deliberative Assemblies (revised, 1971, as Robert's Rules of Order Revised ). Robert's Parliamentary Practice (1921) and Parliamentary Law (1922) were still in print in the 1970s.