SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF

national church in Scotland, which accepted the Presbyterian faith during the 16th-century Reformation. According to tradition, the first Christian church in Scotland was founded about 400 by St. Ninian. In the 6th century, Irish missionaries included St. Columba, who settled at Iona about 563. In 1192 the Scottish church was declared a special daughter of the Roman see, subject only to the pope. St. Andrews became an archiepiscopal see in 1472, followed by Glasgow in 1492. The earliest Scottish Reformers were under Lutheran influence but were subsequently influenced by the Swiss Reformers. The Calvinistic tone of the Scottish Reformation was ascribable to John Knox (q.v.), who became the leader of the Scottish Reformation. Knox's admiration for John Calvin and for the reformation that Calvin led in Geneva is evident in Knox's Scots Confession, in the Book of Common Order (often known as Knox's liturgy), and in the Book of Discipline, the last of which discussed a plan for a godly church and commonwealth. The Scottish Reformers held a parliament in August 1560, which abolished the authority of the pope in Scotland, adopted the Scots Confession, and forbade the celebration of mass. After the breach with Rome it was uncertain for more than a century whether the church in Scotland would be episcopal or presbyterian in government. Charles I, who ruled Scotland and England, preferred the episcopal form, while the Scottish people insisted on the presbyterian form. The struggle was long and complicated, but, when William and Mary became the English monarchs in 1689, Presbyterianism was permanently established in Scotland by constitutional act. New problems then developed. In the late 17th century a large group of essentially professional clergymen known as Moderates became influential in the church. They were opposed by the Evangelicals, who held firmly to the traditional Calvinism of the Westminster Confession. When the British Parliament restored patronage in Scotland in 1712, the people lost the right to elect their pastors to the landowners, which brought the Church of Scotland under the control of the Moderate ministers. Dissension between the Moderates and the Evangelicals, who had been strengthened by religious revivals and the Sunday school movement, increased from 1833 to 1843. Finally a large group, led by Thomas Chalmers, left the established church and formed, in 1843, a Free Church of Scotland. All but one of the Church of Scotland missionaries and most of its best scholars joined the Free Church. Gradually, better leadership replaced the Moderate party in the Church of Scotland. Patronage was abolished in 1874, and closer relations with the Free Church developed. In 1921 the state severed its old relation with the Church of Scotland, leaving it the national church but not the established state church. After several years of negotiations, the two churches united in 1929 under the old name of the Church of Scotland. Subsequently the church continued to be active in missionary work and to take an active part in the Protestant ecumenical movement. Moves to affiliate it with the Church of England were defeated in 1959 and 1971. Cultural life Scottish culture has remained remarkably vigorous in modern times, despite the threat of dominance by the country's more powerful partner to the south. Its strength springs in part from the diverse strands that make up its background, in particular the sharp contacts with the European mainstream cultures. It has also been enriched by contacts with Europe, owing to the mobility of the Scottish people since the Middle Ages. All of the arts receive support from the Scottish Arts Council, which has a large measure of autonomy from the Arts Council of Great Britain. Scottish writers have the choice of three languagesEnglish, Scots, and Gaelic. Hugh MacDiarmid, the poet, nationalist, and Marxist, gained an international reputation for his Scots poetry, and others, such as Robert Garioch, followed his lead. Gaelic poets such as Sorley Maclean and Derick Thompson are highly esteemed, as is Iain Crichton Smith, also known for his novels in English. Painting and sculpture flourish and are displayed in numerous galleries and official exhibitions. Scotland has a wealth of surviving traditional music, ranging from the work songs of the Hebrides to the ballads of the northeast. There has also been renewed interest in such traditional instruments as the bagpipe, fiddle, and clarsach (the small Celtic harp). All aspects of traditional culture are researched, archived, and taught in the School of Scottish Studies of the University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh and Glasgow are the cultural capitals of Scotland. Among the cultural institutions achieving high international standing are the Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Scottish Opera, and Scottish Ballet, all based in Glasgow. Other major institutions in Glasgow include the Art Gallery and Museum, the Burrell Collection, and the Museum of Transport. The National Museums of Scotland include the Museum of Scottish Country Life near Glasgow, the Museum of Flight near Haddington, the Shambellie House Museum of Costume near Dumfries, and, in Edinburgh, the National War Museum and the Royal Museum of Scotland. Edinburgh is also the headquarters to the National Library of Scotland, which receives copies of all books published in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and the National Galleries of Scotland, comprising several museums, including the National Gallery of Scotland (with works by Allan Ramsay, Sir Henry Raeburn, and other Scottish painters), the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, and the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art. The annual Edinburgh International Festival, with its Fringe (entertainment on the periphery of the festival), has become one of the world's largest cultural events. Press and broadcasting Edinburgh was once one of the centres of the United Kingdom's publishing industry; however, in the early and mid-20th century Scottish publishing declined drastically, especially in the years after World War II, with many publishers moving to London. Only in the 1970s did Scotland's publishing industry begin to revitalize itself to some degree. Some books and periodicals are printed in Scotland, but others, which include aspects of Scottish news and sports, are delivered from south of the border. The daily publications with the widest circulation include the Daily Record, The Sun, and the Daily Mail. The Herald and The Scotsman continue to serve the west and east coasts, respectively, and their Sunday equivalents, the Sunday Herald and Scotland on Sunday, are strong competitors. Other parts of Scotland are served by local papers such as the Dundee Courier and The Press and Journal. Scottish Field and Scots Magazine are two well-established monthly publications covering traditional, leisure, and historical interests. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) produces Scottish news and other programming for radio and television, including some broadcasts in Gaelic. Radio Scotland has largely locally produced programs. There are three independent television companies and several independent radio stations. Somewhat controversially, the Westminster Parliament has retained legislative powers over broadcasting.