SHACKLETON, SIR ERNEST HENRY

born , Feb. 15, 1874, Kilkea, County Kildare, Ire. died Jan. 5, 1922, Grytviken, South Georgia British Antarctic explorer who attempted to reach the South Pole. Educated at Dulwich College (188790), Shackleton entered the mercantile marine service in 1890 and became a sublieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve in 1901. He joined Captain Robert Falcon Scott's British National Antarctic (Discovery) Expedition (190104) as third lieutenant and took part, with Scott and Edward Wilson, in the sledge journey over the Ross Ice Shelf when latitude 82 16 33 S was reached. His health suffered, and he was invalided out on the supply ship Morning in March 1903. In January 1908 he returned to Antarctica as leader of the British Antarctic (Nimrod) Expedition (190709). The expedition, prevented by ice from reaching the intended base site in Edward VII Peninsula, wintered on Ross Island, McMurdo Sound. A sledging party, led by Shackleton, reached within 97 miles (156 km) of the South Pole, and another, under T.W. Edgeworth David, reached the area of the South Magnetic Pole. Victoria Land Plateau was claimed for the British crown. On his return Shackleton was knighted and was made a companion of the Royal Victorian Order. In March 1914 the British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (191416) left England under Shackleton's leadership. He planned to cross Antarctica from a base on the Weddell Sea to McMurdo Sound, via the South Pole, but the expedition ship Endurance was beset off Caird coast and drifted for 10 months before being crushed in the pack ice. The members of the expedition then drifted on ice floes for another five months and finally escaped in boats to Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands. Shackleton and five others sailed 800 miles (1,300 km) to South Georgia in a whale boat and then made the first crossing of the island, to seek aid. He led four relief expeditions before succeeding in rescuing his men from Elephant Island. A supporting party, the Ross Sea party led by A.E. Mackintosh, sailed in Aurora and laid depots as far as latitude 83 30 S for the use of the Trans-Antarctic party; three of this party died on the return journey. Shackleton died at Grytviken, South Georgia, at the outset of the Shackleton-Rowett Antarctic Expedition in Quest; his exertions in raising funds to finance his expeditions and the immense strain of the expeditions themselves wore out his strength. Shackleton's publications are The Heart of the Antarctic (1909) and South (1919), the latter an account of the Trans-Antarctic Expedition.