SIDMOUTH (OF SIDMOUTH), HENRY ADDINGTON, 1ST VISCOUNT

born May 30, 1757, London died Feb. 15, 1844, Richmond, Surrey, Eng. Sidmouth, detail of a watercolour by G. Richmond, 1833; in the National Portrait Gallery, London British prime minister from March 1801 to May 1804. Honest but unimaginative and inflexibly conservative, he proved unable to cope with the problems of the Napoleonic Wars, and later, in his decade as home secretary, he made himself unpopular by his harsh measures against political and economic malcontents. The son of a prominent physician who treated the Earl of Chatham (William Pitt the Elder), Addington was a friend of the younger Pitt from childhood. A member of the House of Commons from 1784, he became its speaker in 1789. The younger Pitt, whose position favouring Roman Catholic emancipation was opposed by King George III, left office on March 14, 1801; and the King chose Addington, an uncompromising Anglican, to replace Pitt as prime minister. The new government benefitted from British victories at Copenhagen, Cairo, and Alexandria, and its popularity was further enhanced by the Treaty of Amiens (signed March 27, 1802) with Napoleonic France. When the war was renewed (May 1803), Addington's incapacity became obvious, and the next year he surrendered the premiership to Pitt. Created Viscount Sidmouth in January 1805, he then served as lord president of the council (1805, 180607, 1812) and lord privy seal (1806). As home secretary in the ministry of the earl of Liverpool, from June 1812 to January 1822, Sidmouth faced general edginess caused by high prices, business failures, and widespread unemployment. To crush demonstrations both by manufacturers and by Luddites (anti-industrial machine-smashing radicals) he increased the summary powers of magistrates. At his insistence the Habeas Corpus Act was suspended in 1817, and he introduced four of the coercive Six Acts of 1819, which, among other provisions, limited the rights of the people to hold public meetings and to circulate political literature. After leaving office Sidmouth unsuccessfully opposed British recognition of the South American republics (1824), the Catholic Emancipation Act (1829), and the parliamentary Reform Act (1832).