TSUKUBA SCIENCE CITY

also called Tsukuba Academic City, Japanese Tsukuba kenkyu gakuen toshi city, Ibaraki ken (prefecture), central Honshu, Japan. It is located 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Tokyo just to the south of Mount Tsukuba. Surrounded by farmland, this highly planned research and education community incorporates five towns and one village and covers 110 square miles (285 square km). Tsukuba Science City was developed in the 1970s and 1980s to stimulate scientific discovery. Its constituent municipalities were administratively united in 1987. The city's 46 national research institutes and two universities are grouped into five zoneshigher education and training, construction research, physical science and engineering research, biological and agricultural research, and common (public) facilitiessurrounded by more than 240 private research facilities. Among the most prominent institutions are the University of Tsukuba (1973; formerly Tokyo University of Education), a source of many college teachers; the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK); the Electrotechnical Laboratory; the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory; and the National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research. The city has an international flair, with about 3,000 foreign students and researchers from as many as 90 countries living in Tsukuba at any one time. In the late 1990s it supported a daytime population of 170,000. Nearly half of Japan's public research and development budget is spent in Tsukuba. Important scientific breakthroughs by its researchers include the identification and specification of the molecular structure of superconducting materials, the development of organic optical films that alter their electrical conductivity in response to changing light, and the creation of extreme high-pressure vacuum chambers. Tsukuba has become one of the world's key sites for government-industry collaborations in basic research. Earthquake safety, environmental degradation, studies of roadways, fermentation science, microbiology, and plant genetics are some of the broad research topics having close public-private partnerships. Additional reading James W. Dearing, Growing a Japanese Science City (1995), discusses the founding and history of Tsukuba, the research work that it supports, and its success as a government effort to encourage interdisciplinary and inter-organizational collaboration. James W. Dearing