WING

in zoology, one of the paired structures by means of which certain animals propel themselves in the air. Vertebrate wings are modifications of the forelimbs. In birds the fingers are reduced and the forearm is lengthened. The primary flight feathers on the distal portion of the wing create most of the propelling force in flight, while on the less mobile upper wing the secondaries provide the greater portion of the lift. Adaptations include the high-speed wings of swallows and the slotted, soaring wings of vultures. The wings of penguins, which lack primary flight feathers, are used only for swimming. Bats, the only mammals capable of true flight, have wings formed of a flight membrane stretched over slender, elongated arm and hand bones. The so-called flying squirrel does not actually fly but is capable of gliding, using paired membranes attached to the forelegs and hind legs. Likewise the colugo, or flying lemur, has membranous structures that function in gliding. Insect wings are formed of folds of integument. Most insects have two pair of wings, although flies use only the first pair and beetles only the second. The two wings on a side are usually moved together, but in the dragonfly they work independently. in aeronautics, an airfoil that helps lift a heavier-than-air craft. When positioned above the fuselage (high wings), wings provide an unrestricted view below and good lateral stability. Parasol wings, placed on struts high above the fuselage of seaplanes, help keep the engine from water spray. Midwings, positioned in the middle of the fuselage, leave the airplane belly free of spars, with room for bombs or cargo. Placed below the fuselage, low wings reduce the height of the undercarriage and simplify engine maintenance.