BELL LABORATORIES

formerly AT&T Bell Laboratories, Inc., byname Bell Labs, the longtime research and development arm of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). It now serves the same function in Lucent Technologies Inc., which was spun off from AT&T in 1996. Headquarters for the laboratories are in Murray Hill, N.J. The company was incorporated in 1925 as an AT&T subsidiary under the name Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. Its history can be traced back at least to 1907, however, when the engineering departments of AT&T and the Western Electric Company were centralized in New York City, or even to 1883, when AT&T's Mechanical Department was formed. Bell Laboratories' primary task was to develop the telecommunications equipment and systems manufactured by AT&T, but it routinely engaged in a vast range of other basic and applied research. Since its founding the organization has produced thousands of scientific and engineering innovations. In 1926, for example, it developed the first synchronous-sound motion-picture system. In 1937 it constructed the pioneer electrical-relay digital computer; in the same year, a Bell researcher, Clinton Davisson, shared the Nobel Prize for Physics for demonstrating that electrons display both wave and particle characteristics. In 1947 the laboratories invented the transistor, an achievement for which Bell researchers John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William B. Shockley were awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize for Physics. In the 1960s Bell Labs developed the first electronic telephone-switching system and designed Telstar, the world's first satellite communications system. In 1978 two more Bell researchers, Arno Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, shared the Nobel Prize for the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation. Bell Laboratories also pioneered in the development of sonar, lasers, and solar cells, and it performs defense-related research and development under military contracts. These and other achievements-together with the publication of technical and scientific papers by its staff-have made Bell Labs one of the world's most prestigious research facilities. In 1996-97 AT&T split into three companies, one of which, Lucent Technologies Inc., was a manufacturer of telephone and other communications equipment. Most of Bell Laboratories' employees became part of Lucent, though a minority remained with AT&T, which thenceforth confined itself to telephone and other services.