HENRY, JOSEPH

born Dec. 17, 1797, Albany, N.Y., U.S. died May 13, 1878, Washington, D.C. one of the first great American scientists after Benjamin Franklin. He aided Samuel F.B. Morse in the development of the telegraph and discovered several important principles of electricity, including self-induction, a phenomenon of primary importance in electronic circuitry. While working with electromagnets at the Albany Academy (New York) in 1829, he made important design improvements. By insulating the wire instead of the iron core, he was able to wrap a large number of turns of wire around the core and thus greatly increase the power of the magnet. He made an electromagnet for Yale College that could support 2,086 pounds, a world record at the time. During these studies he first noticed the principle of self-induction (1832), three years after he devised and constructed the first electric motor. Although Michael Faraday is given credit for discovering electromagnetic induction-the process of converting magnetism into electricity-because he was the first to publish (1831) his results, Henry had observed the phenomenon a year earlier. In 1831 Henry built and successfully operated, over a distance of one mile (1.6 kilometres), a telegraph of his own design. He became professor of natural philosophy at the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University) in 1832. Continuing his researches, he discovered the laws upon which the transformer is based. He also found that currents could be induced at a distance and in one case magnetized a needle by utilizing a lightning flash eight miles away. This experiment was apparently the first use of radio waves across a distance. By using a thermogalvanometer, a heat-detection device, he showed that sunspots radiate less heat than the general solar surface. In 1846 Henry became the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., where he organized and supported a corps of volunteer weather observers. The success of the Smithsonian meteorological work led to the creation of the U.S. Weather Bureau (later Service). One of Lincoln's chief technical advisers during the U.S. Civil War, he was a primary organizer of the National Academy of Science and its second president. In 1893 his name was given to the standard electrical unit of inductive resistance, the henry.