KISSINGER, HENRY A.

born May 27, 1923, Frth, Ger. Henry Kissinger, right, shaking hands with Le Duc Tho in Paris after their agreement on the in full Henry Alfred Kissinger American political scientist, who, as adviser for national security affairs and secretary of state, was a major influence in the shaping of foreign policy from 1969 to 1976 under Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford. In 1973 he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace with Le Duc Tho of North Vietnam for their efforts to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the Vietnam War. Kissinger's family immigrated to the United States in 1938 to escape the Nazi persecution of Jews. He became a naturalized citizen in 1943. After studying accounting at City College, New York, he served in the U.S. Army during World War II and in the postwar U.S. military government of Germany. He received his Ph.D. in 1954 from Harvard and then joined the faculty as instructor, becoming professor of government in 1962 and director of the Defense Studies Program from 1959 to 1969. He also served as a consultant on security matters to various U.S. agencies from 1955 to 1968, spanning the administrations of Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson. Kissinger's Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (1957) established him as a leading authority on U.S. strategic policy. He opposed Secretary of State John Foster Dulles' policy of planning nuclear massive retaliation to Soviet attack, advocating instead a flexible response combining the use of tactical nuclear weapons and conventional forces, as well as the development of weapons technology in accordance with strategic requirements. That book and The Necessity for Choice (1960), in which Kissinger limited his concept of flexible response to conventional forces and warned of a missile gap between the Soviet Union and the United States, had a significant impact on the activities of the Kennedy administration. Kissinger's reputation as a political scientist led to his appointment by President Nixon as assistant for national security affairs in December 1968. He eventually came to serve as head of the National Security Council (196975) and as secretary of state (September 1973January 20, 1977). Kissinger soon emerged as an influential figure in the Nixon administration. His major diplomatic achievements involved China, the Soviet Union, Vietnam, and the Middle East. He developed a policy of warmer U.S. relations with the Soviet Union, dtente, which led to the strategic arms limitation talks (SALT) in 1969. He established the pro-Pakistan policy in the India-Pakistan war of late 1971, helped negotiate the SALT I arms agreement with the Soviet Union (signed 1972), and developed a rapprochement between the United States and the People's Republic of China (1972), the first official U.S. contact with that nation since the Chinese Communists had come to power. Although he originally advocated a hardline policy in Vietnam and helped engineer the U.S. bombing of Cambodia (196970), Kissinger later played a major role in Nixon's Vietnamization policythe disengagement of U.S. troops from South Vietnam and their replacement by South Vietnamese forces. On January 23, 1973, after months of negotiations with the North Vietnamese government in Paris, he initialed a cease-fire agreement that both provided for the withdrawal of U.S. troops and outlined the machinery for a permanent peace settlement between the two Vietnams. For this apparent resolution of the Vietnam conflict, Kissinger shared the 1973 Nobel Prize for Peace with the North Vietnamese negotiator, Le Duc Tho (who refused the honour). After the Arab-Israeli War of 1973, Kissinger used what came to be called shuttle diplomacy in disengaging the opposing armies and promoting a truce between the belligerents. He was responsible for the resumption of diplomatic relations between Egypt and the United States, severed since 1967. He remained in office after Nixon's resignation in 1974, directing the conduct of foreign affairs under President Ford. After leaving office in 1977, Kissinger became an international consultant, writer, and lecturer. In 1983 President Ronald W. Reagan appointed him to head a national commission on Central America. Kissinger's later books include American Foreign Policy (1969), The White House Years (1979), and For the Record (1981).