LAMP SHELLS

also called brachiopod, any member of the phylum Brachiopoda, a group of bottom-dwelling marine invertebrates. They are covered by two valves, or shells; one valve covers the dorsal, or top, side; the other covers the ventral, or bottom, side. The valves, of unequal size, are bilaterally symmetrical; i.e., the right and left sides are mirror images of one another. Brachiopods (from the Greek words meaning arm and foot) are commonly known as lamp shells because they resemble early Roman oil lamps. Brachiopods occur in all oceans. Although no longer numerous, they were once one of the most abundant forms of life. Members of this phylum first appeared rather early in zoological history. It is possible, by means of fossil representatives, to survey their evolution from the Cambrian Period (about 570,000,000 years ago) to the present. Although some of the evolutionary development is revealed, it is still imperfectly understood. Other than their usefulness in dating geological periods, members of this phylum have no economic value, except as curios and museum pieces. Additional reading There are few works specifically on lamp shells. M.J.S. Rudwick, Living and Fossil Brachiopods (1970), is a modern, readable, and comprehensive account. Raymond C. Moore (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, pt. H, Brachiopoda, 2 vol. (1965), is a technical, thorough account of brachiopods and their classification, with extensive topical bibliographies. Rex A. Doescher, Living and Fossil Brachiopod Genera, 17751979: Lists and Bibliography (1981), is also of interest. G. Arthur Cooper The Editors of the Encyclopdia Britannica