SHELL ATOMIC MODEL

simplified description of the structure of atoms that was first proposed by the physicists J. Hans D. Jensen and Maria Goeppert Mayer working independently in 1949. In this model, electrons (negatively charged fundamental particles) in atoms are thought of as occupying diffuse shells in the space surrounding a dense, positively charged nucleus. The first shell is closest to the nucleus. The others extend outward from the nucleus and overlap one another. The shells are sometimes designated by capital letters beginning with K for the first shell, L for the second, M for the third, and so forth. The maximum number of electrons that can occupy shells one through seven are, in sequence, 2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 72, 98. The lightest element, hydrogen, has one electron in the first shell. The heaviest elements in their normal states have only the first four shells fully occupied with electrons and the next three shells partially occupied. ( See electronic configuration.) The shell atomic model, as shown for a neon atom. The chemical properties of atoms are explained in terms of how the shells are occupied with electrons. For example, helium (atomic number 2) has a full first shell; neon (atomic number 10), with eight electrons in its outermost shell, has a full first and second shell. Other atoms that have eight electrons (see octet) in their outermost shell, even though it is not full, chemically resemble helium and neon in their relative stability and inactivity.