MUSICAL SOUND

any tone with characteristics such as controlled pitch and timbre. The sounds are produced by instruments in which the periodic vibrations can be controlled by the performer. That some sounds are intrinsically musical, while others are not, is an oversimplification. From the tinkle of a bell to the slam of a door, any sound is a potential ingredient for the kinds of sound organization called music. The choices of sounds for music making have been severely limited in all places and periods by a diversity of physical, aesthetic, and cultural considerations. This article will analyze those involved in Western musical traditions. The fundamental distinction usually made has been between tone and noise, a distinction best clarified by referring to the physical characteristics of sound. Tone differs from noise mainly in that it possesses features that enable it to be regarded as autonomous. Noises are most readily identified, not by their character but by their sources; e.g., the noise of the dripping faucet, the grating chalk, or the squeaking gate. Although tones too are commonly linked with their sources (violin tone, flute tone, etc.), they more readily achieve autonomy because they possess controlled pitch, loudness, timbre, and duration, attributes that make them amenable to musical organization. Instruments that yield musical sounds, or tones, are those that produce periodic vibrations. Their periodicity is their controllable (i.e., musical) basis. The strings of the violin, the lips of the trumpet player, the reed of a saxophone, and the wooden slabs of a xylophone are all, in their unique ways, producers of periodic vibrations. The pitch, or high-low aspect, created by each of these vibrating bodies is most directly a product of vibrational frequency. Timbre (tone colour) is a product of the total complement of simultaneous motions enacted by any medium during its vibration. Loudness is a product of the intensity of that motion. Duration is the length of time that a tone persists. Visual representation of a reed's vibration. Each of these attributes is revealed in the wave form of a tone. The pattern may be visualized as an elastic reedlike that of a clarinetfixed at one end, moving like a pendulum in a to-and-fro pattern when set into motion (see illustration). Clearly, this reed's motion will be in proportion to the applied force. Its arc of movement will be lesser or greater depending upon the degree of pressure used to set it into motion. Once moving, it will oscillate until friction and its own inertia cause it to return to its original state of rest. As it moves through its arc the reed passes through a periodic number of cycles per time unit, although its speed is not constant. With these conditions prevailing, its motion through time could be charted by placing a carbon stylus on its moving head, then pulling a strip of paper beneath it at a uniform rate. The reed's displacement to-and-fro diminishes in a smooth fashion as time passes (decreasing intensity). Each cycle of its arc is equally spaced (uniform frequency). Each period of the motion forms the same arc pattern (uniform wave content). If this vibratory motion were audible, it could be described as follows: it grows weaker from the beginning (diminishing loudness) until it becomes inaudible; it remains at a stable level of highness (steady pitch); and it is of unvarying tonal quality (uniform timbre). If the reed were a part of a clarinet and the player continued blowing it with unvaried pressure, loudness, pitch, and timbre would appear as constants. Additional reading Willem A. Van Bergeijk, J.R. Pierce, and E.A. David, Waves and the Ear (1960); Arthur H. Benade, Horns, Strings and Harmony (1960); Charles A. Culver, Musical Acoustics, 4th ed. (1956); John Backus, The Acoustical Foundations of Music (1969); John Mills, A Fugue in Cycles and Bels (1935); Max F. Meyer, How We Hear: How Tones Make Music (1950); Llewelyn S. Lloyd, The Musical Ear (1940); Alexander Wood, The Physics of Music, 6th ed. (1962); Ren Descartes, Musicae compendium (1650; Eng. trans., Compendium of Music, 1961); Cornelis J. Nederveen, Acoustical Aspects of Woodwind Instruments (1969).