ORANGE, COUNCILS OF

two church synods held in Orange, France, in 441 and 529. The first, under the presidency of St. Hilary of Arles, dealt mainly with disciplinary matters. The second, and by far the more important, was concerned with refuting the Semi-Pelagianism of Faustus of Riez. It was attended by 15 bishops and was under the presidency of Caesarius of Arles. Caesarius had sought the aid of Rome against Semi-Pelagianism, and in response Pope Felix IV had sent certain passages concerning grace and free will, drawn chiefly from the writings of Augustine and Prosper of Aquitaine. The synod approved 25 of them and adopted a supplementary statement reaffirming the Augustinian doctrines of corruption, human inability, prevenient grace, and baptismal regeneration. Its decrees were later confirmed by Pope Boniface II, and they became the Roman Catholic norm for doctrines on grace, predestination, and free will.