RAM SINGH

born 1816, Bhaini, Punjab, India died 1885, Mergui, Burma Sikh philosopher and reformer and the first Indian to use noncooperation and boycott of British merchandise and services as a political weapon. Ram Singh was born into a respected small-farming family. As a young man, Ram Singh became a disciple of Balak Singh, the founder of the austere Namdhari movement, from whom he learned of the great Sikh Gurus and heroes and of the Khalsa (Sikh military brotherhood). Before his death, Balak Singh appointed him leader of the Namdharis. At the age of 20 Ram Singh entered the army of the Sikh maharaja Ranjit Singh. Three years later, on the death of Ranjit Singh, the mainstay of the Sikhs, his army and domain fell apart. Worried about British power and Sikh weakness, Ram Singh determined to help Sikhs regain their self-respect. He introduced new practices among the Namdharis, who came to be called Kukas (from Punjabi kuk, scream, or cry) because of the shrieks they emitted after the frenzied chanting of hymns. His sect was more puritanical and fundamental than other Sikh sects were. Namdharis wore white, handwoven robes, bound their turbans in a distinctive way, carried wooden staves and rosaries of wool, and used special greetings and passwords. Their gurdwaras (temples) were Spartan in their simplicity. Ram Singh instilled a sense of worth and dignity into his disciples (many of humble origin) by telling them they were the elite of God and that other sects were mleccha (unclean). His private army even had its own couriers, in order to boycott the British postal service and to prevent messages from falling into enemy hands. In 1863 Ram Singh attempted a grand gesture; his followers were to meet him at Amritsar (the Sikh holy city), where he would proclaim himself the reincarnation of Guru Gobind Singh and declare that he had come to form a new Kuka Khalsa. The police intervened, however, and Ram Singh was restricted to his native village for an indefinite period. As the years passed and his prophecy of breaking British rule remained unfulfilled, internal trouble broke out. Realizing they were no match for British power, the Kukas began to attack the Muslim community. Following a particularly bloody incident, armed bands of Sikhs attacked Maler Kotla, a Muslim community, and a large number of the attackers were captured by the British. The British, sensing that this was no mere bandit raid but the start of a revolt in the Punjab, dealt with the Kukas in a barbarous way: the prisoners were bound over the mouths of cannons and blown to bits. Thereafter, Ram Singh even appealed to Russia for aid in driving the British out of India, but Russia, not wishing to risk war with Great Britain, refused. Ram Singh spent the remainder of his days in prison and exile. After his release from prison, he was exiled to Rangoon, where he lived for almost 14 years as a state prisoner.