THOREAU, HENRY DAVID

born July 12, 1817, Concord, Mass., U.S. died May 6, 1862, Concord American essayist, poet, and practical philosopher, renowned for having lived the doctrines of Transcendentalism as recorded in his masterwork, Walden (1854), and for having been a vigorous advocate of civil liberties, as evidenced in the essay Civil Disobedience (1849). Additional reading The definitive life is Walter Harding, The Days of Henry Thoreau, 2nd ed. (1982, reissued 1992). Its still-useful predecessor is Henry Seidel Canby, Thoreau (1939, reprinted 1965). The Correspondence of Henry David Thoreau, ed. by Walter Harding and Carl Bode (1958, reprinted 1974), contains not only all the letters by Thoreau available when the edition was compiled but the letters to him as well. Richard Lebeaux, Young Man Thoreau (1977), and Thoreau's Seasons (1984), are applications of psychoanalytic-sociological theory to Thoreau's life and family relationships. Other biographical studies include William Howarth, The Book of Concord: Thoreau's Life as a Writer (1982); Walter Harding and Michael Meyer, The New Thoreau Handbook (1980); Robert D. Richardson, Jr., Henry Thoreau: A Life of the Mind (1986); and Bob Pepperman Taylor, America's Bachelor Uncle: Thoreau and the American Polity (1996). Good general critical studies are Sherman Paul, The Shores of America: Thoreau's Inward Exploration (1958, reissued 1972); Wendell Glick (compiler), The Recognition of Henry David Thoreau: Selected Criticism Since 1848 (1969); William J. Wolf, Thoreau: Mystic, Prophet, Ecologist (1974); and Richard J. Schneider, Henry David Thoreau (1987). The prime studies of Walden alone are Charles R. Anderson, The Magic Circle of Walden (1968); Stanley Cavell, The Senses of Walden, expanded ed. (1981, reissued 1992); and Joel Myerson (ed.), Critical Essays on Henry David Thoreau's Walden (1988). Major Works: The most significant and enduring works by Thoreau are listed here in order of original publication; when he made substantial revisions, especially in the essays, the volumes in which the revised versions first appeared are likewise noted:Ktaadn and the Maine Woods (1848; revised and expanded in The Maine Woods, 1864); A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849); Resistance to Civil Government (1849; republished as Civil Disobedience in A Yankee in Canada, 1866); Walden (1854); The Last Days of John Brown (1860; republished in A Yankee in Canada); Walking (1862; republished in Excursions, 1863); Life Without Principle (1863; republished in A Yankee in Canada); and Faith in a Seed: The Dispersion of Seeds and Other Late Natural History Writings (posthumously, 1993).The Writings of Henry Thoreau, 20 vol. (1906, reprinted 1982), is the standard Walden edition of Thoreau's books, essays, and journal. It is being replaced by the Princeton Edition of The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau (starting in 1971 with the publication of its version of Walden) which is producing books of high textual and editorial quality. Collected Poems, ed. by Carl Bode, enlarged ed. (1964, reissued 1970), brings together the many versions of the poetry he wrote, particularly in his younger days.