TWO NOBLE KINSMEN, THE

tragicomedy in five acts by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher. The play was probably written and first performed about 161213. It was published in quarto in 1634 with a title page identifying Fletcher and Shakespeare as joint authors. It was included in the second folio of works by Fletcher and Francis Beaumont in 1679, and scholars have long debated the extent of Shakespeare's contribution. One commonly held theory is that he wrote all or most of Act 1 and Act 5, with Fletcher responsible for most of the three intervening acts. The primary source for the story was The Knight's Tale from Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, but earlier plays concerning the friendship of Palamon and Arcite are known to have been performed. The playwrights may also have been familiar with Chaucer's source, Giovanni Boccaccio's Il Teseida. Theseus, duke of Athens, is preparing to marry Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons, accompanied by her sister, Emilia, and his friend, Pirithous, when he is called upon to wage war on the corrupt Theban king, Creon. Palamon and Arcite, two noble nephews of Creon, are captured. As they languish in prison, their protestations of eternal friendship stop the instant they glimpse Emilia through a window, and they quarrel over her. Arcite is unexpectedly released and banished, but he returns in disguise; Palamon escapes with the help of the lovelorn Jailer's Daughter. The youths continue quarreling over Emilia, and when Emilia is unable to choose between them, Theseus announces a tournament for her handthe loser to be executed. Arcite wins but is killed in a fall from his horse. Before he dies, the two young noblemen are reconciled, and Arcite bequeaths his bride to his friend. Meanwhile, the abandoned Jailer's Daughter, distraught from love for Palamon and fear for her father's safety, goes mad. She is saved by a devoted but unnamed Wooer, who courts her disguised as Palamon. The theme of love versus friendship is evident throughout the play, as is the recurring chivalric ideal, demonstrated by the cousins' generosity of spirit even as they prepare to fight to the death.