WAR REFUGEE BOARD

(WRB) United States agency established January 22, 1944, to attempt to rescue victims of the Nazis-mainly Jews-from death in German-occupied Europe. The board began its work after the Nazis had already killed millions in concentration and extermination camps. A late start, a lack of resources, and conflicts within the U.S. government limited the board's effectiveness. The United States began its rescue efforts on behalf of European Jews caught in the Holocaust in January 1944 after Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr., gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt a document with decisive new evidence of State Department inaction that Roosevelt knew would be politically explosive if it became public. On January 13, 1944, Morgenthau had received a memo from his general counsel, Randolph Paul, and his staff entitled "Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews." It charged that the State Department had used the machinery of the government to prevent the rescue of Jews and to prevent news of the Holocaust from reaching the American public and that the department had covered up the government's guilt by "concealment and misrepresentation." Three days later, Morgenthau, the ranking Jewish official in the president's inner circle, went to the White House to see Roosevelt with a more restrained but still forceful version of the document retitled "Personal Report to the President." Roosevelt listened to a summary of the report but did not keep a copy at the White House. Morgenthau presented the president with a proposal to involve the United States actively in the business of rescue. Within a week of the meeting, Roosevelt established the War Refugee Board (WRB). It was charged with taking all measures within its power to rescue "the victims of enemy oppression who are in imminent danger of death." The members of the board were the secretaries of state, treasury, and war. The executive order allotted about $1 million in federal funds for administrative purposes, but virtually all other funding for the board's work had to come from private sources. As a result, throughout its operation the board was underfunded, and, because of an ongoing internal struggle between the pro-rescue Treasury Department, the anti-rescue State Department, and the War Department, which did not want domestic concerns to interfere with the war effort, the board never achieved unanimity of purpose or direction. Although American rescue efforts began after more than 85 percent of the victims of the Holocaust were already dead-two years after the Wannsee Conference and the establishment of the extermination camps-the creation of the WRB was fortuitous. Operations started just months before the deportation of Jews from Hungary and well after it was evident that Germany would be defeated. Therefore, neutral countries and even some of Germany's allies were prepared to cooperate in rescue efforts in order to position themselves for the postwar world. Under the direction of John Pehle, a Treasury Department lawyer who had worked to expose the State Department's alleged cover-up of the Holocaust, the WRB set out to find a haven for rescued Jews. The board elicited statements from Roosevelt condemning the murder of Jews, drew up plans for postwar war-crimes trials, and after much hesitation forwarded requests for the bombing of Auschwitz (See Sidebar: Why wasn't Auschwitz bombed?). Among its activities were efforts to persuade neutral governments, including the Holy See, to cooperate in rescue efforts. It financed the rescue operations of Raoul Wallenberg in Budapest, which pitted the Swedish diplomat against Adolf Eichmann's efforts to deport the last remaining large Jewish community on the continent. Moreover, Ira Hirschmann, the WRB operative in Turkey, persuaded Archbishop Angelo Roncalli, later Pope John XXIII, to forward thousands of baptismal certificates to the papal nuncio in Hungary to provide Jews with false identities. The War Refugee Board also sought to establish free ports to which Jews could flee. Notably, it received permission to bring 982 Jews to a U.S. refugee camp in Oswego, New York, and in the waning months of World War II it was the most forceful American agency to consider and, at times, facilitate ransom proposals to exchange German citizens for Jews. Historians are reluctant to judge the success of the WRB. While the board may have helped save as many as 200,000 from death, the Nazis were able to murder some 6 million Jews. Clearly the intensity of Nazi commitment and the resources dedicated to the murder of European Jewry overwhelmed all efforts at rescue, including the meager and belated American rescue. When Pehle reviewed the work of the WRB, he commented, "What we did was little enough. It was late1/4Late and little, I would say." Michael Berenbaum