WEDDELL SEA

deep embayment of the Antarctic coastline that forms the southernmost tip of the Atlantic Ocean. Centring at about 73 S, 45 W, the Weddell Sea is bounded on the west by the Antarctic Peninsula of West Antarctica, on the east by Coats Land of East Antarctica, and on the extreme south by frontal barriers of the Filchner and Ronne ice shelves. It has an area of about 1,080,000 sq mi (2,800,000 sq km). The Weddell Sea is usually heavily iced, the pack generally extending north to about 60 S in the western and central sectors in early summer, a factor that severely hindered early ship exploration. On Feb. 23, 1820, the British brig "Williams," on one of the first attempts at penetration, was stopped by ice off the coast of northeastern Graham Land. In the same year pack ice stopped the Russian ship "Vostok" just south of the South Sandwich Islands. On Feb. 20, 1823, a British explorer and sealer, James Weddell, on the brig "Jane," found an unusually open route southeastward from the South Orkney Islands and reached a farthest south position of 7415 S, 3417 W. The name bestowed by Weddell, George IV Sea, was abandoned when, in 1900, it was proposed that the sea be named after its discoverer. Few attempts to penetrate the pack's fringes followed, until 1903 and 1904 when William S. Bruce in the ship "Scotia," of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902-04), undertook the first oceanographic exploration of the Weddell Sea. Luitpold Coast of western Coats Land was charted by the "Deutschland" on the German South Polar Expedition of 1910-12 under Wilhelm Filchner, and the ice shelf was seen that now bears his name. While attempting to leave a party off for a first crossing of Antarctica, the "Endurance" of the British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1914-17) under Ernest Shackleton was trapped in pack ice off Luitpold Coast on Jan. 18, 1915, and eventually crushed. Although the ship was destroyed, its entire crew escaped to be later rescued from Elephant Island. During 1956-58, a number of bases for the International Geophysical Year were established along the southern and southeast coast. Severe weather and icing conditions still restrict oceanographic exploration of this region, and much less is therefore known of the floor and water masses of the Weddell Sea than of most other Antarctic seas. Modern icebreakers now support increasing exploration of the region. The generally narrow Antarctic continental shelf widens to more than 150 miles (240 km) along the Antarctic Peninsula and up to about 300 miles (480 km) along the southern edge of the Weddell Sea. Marking the edge of the continent, the break between shelf and continental slope lies at a depth of about 1,600 feet (500 m). This unusually great depth for a continental margin may result from the tremendous ice load imposed on the Antarctic crust. The Luitpold Coast shelf is much narrower, its floor dropping sharply off into a deep channel that extends southwestward to and beneath the Filchner Ice Shelf and probably onward to a deep glacier-filled valley along the west side of the Pensacola Mountains. Since the Weddell Sea is well within the Antarctic climatic zone, its fauna is that typical of other Antarctic regions-penguins, Weddell seals, petrels, and the like. Far more than half of the cold oceanic bottom waters of the world are of Antarctic origin, and most are produced in the depths of the Weddell Sea. Surface-water currents move generally clockwise around the sea, southwestward along Coats Land and thence northward along the Antarctic Peninsula, eventually to meet the prevailing West Wind Drift.