ACID-BASE REACTIONADDITIONAL READING

Paul Walden, Salts, Acids, and Bases (1929), chronicles the early development of concepts in this field. R.P. Bell, Acids and Bases, 2nd ed. (1969), is an elementary account, while his The Proton in Chemistry, 2nd ed. (1973), is at a somewhat more advanced level; as is Edward J. King, Acid-Base Equilibria (1965). Also of interest are Edward Caldin and Victor Gold (eds.), Proton-Transfer Reactions (1975); William B. Jensen, The Lewis Acid-Base Concepts (1980); and Adrien Albert and E.P. Serjeant, The Determination of Ionization Constants: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed. (1984). Special topics covered in this article are discussed in Ludwig F. Audrieth and Jacob Kleinberg, Non-Aqueous Solvents (1953); J.J. Lagowski (ed.), The Chemistry of Non-Aqueous Solvents, 5 vol. in 6 (1966-78); and Colin H. Rochester, Acidity Functions (1970). Tables of dissociation constants can be found in G. Kortm, W. Vogel, and K. Andrussow, Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution (1961); D.D. Perrin, Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution (1965), and Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution, 2nd ed. (1982); E.P. Serjeant and Boyd Dempsey (eds.), Ionisation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution (1979); and Kosuke Izutsu, Acid-Base Dissociation Constants in Dipolar Aprotic Solvents (1990). Ronald Percy Bell The Editors of the Encyclopdia Britannica Additional reading Paul Walden, Salts, Acids, and Bases (1929), chronicles the early development of concepts in this field. R.P. Bell, Acids and Bases, 2nd ed. (1969), is an elementary account, while his The Proton in Chemistry, 2nd ed. (1973), is at a somewhat more advanced level; as is Edward J. King, Acid-Base Equilibria (1965). Also of interest are Edward Caldin and Victor Gold (eds.), Proton-Transfer Reactions (1975); William B. Jensen, The Lewis Acid-Base Concepts (1980); and Adrien Albert and E.P. Serjeant, The Determination of Ionization Constants: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed. (1984). Special topics covered in this article are discussed in Ludwig F. Audrieth and Jacob Kleinberg, Non-Aqueous Solvents (1953); J.J. Lagowski (ed.), The Chemistry of Non-Aqueous Solvents, 5 vol. in 6 (1966-78); and Colin H. Rochester, Acidity Functions (1970). Tables of dissociation constants can be found in G. Kortm, W. Vogel, and K. Andrussow, Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution (1961); D.D. Perrin, Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution (1965), and Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution, 2nd ed. (1982); E.P. Serjeant and Boyd Dempsey (eds.), Ionisation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution (1979); and Kosuke Izutsu, Acid-Base Dissociation Constants in Dipolar Aprotic Solvents (1990). Ronald Percy Bell The Editors of the Encyclopdia Britannica abnormally high level of acidity, or low level of alkalinity, in the body fluids, including the blood. Acidosis may be respiratory or metabolic in origin. The former may result from excess retention of carbon dioxide because of faulty oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs, or it may result from abnormalities of the chest bellows, from constrictions of the air passages, or from such diseases as emphysema and severe pneumonia. The latter may result from the inability of diseased kidneys to excrete the acids produced within the body. It may also accompany diabetes mellitus, severe diarrhea, or starvation, conditions that involve either the accumulation of acids in the system or the loss of alkali. It may also be brought on by drugs or anesthesia. Compare alkalosis.