ALEXANDER THE GREAT

born 356 BC, Pella, Macedonia died June 13, 323 BC, Babylon also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia king of Macedonia (336323 BC). He overthrew the Persian Empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms. Already in his lifetime the subject of fabulous stories, he later became the hero of a full-scale legend bearing only the sketchiest resemblance to his historical career. Additional reading The original sources for Alexander are lost; among secondary authorities are Diodorus, book xvii; Quintus Curtius Rufus; Plutarch, Life of Alexander; Justinus' abridgment of Trogus; and Arrian, Anabasis and Indica, especially in the edition titled Arrian, trans. and ed. by P.A. Brunt, 2 vol. (197683), in the Loeb Classical Library. Pseudo-Callisthenes, The Romance of Alexander the Great, trans. by Albert Mugrdich Wolohojian (1969), is the first English translation of a 5th-century Armenian version of the Historia Alexandri Magni, which was composed in Greek, probably in the 4th century AD, by an unknown poet and falsely ascribed to Callisthenes. Studies of ancient sources include Lionel Pearson, The Lost Histories of Alexander the Great (1960, reprinted 1983); J.R. Hamilton, Plutarch: Alexander, a Commentary (1969); N.G.L. Hammond, Three Historians of Alexander the Great: The So-Called Vulgate Authors, Diodorus, Justin, and Curtius (1983); and A.B. Bosworth, From Arrian to Alexander: Studies in Historical Interpretation (1988).Peter Green, Alexander of Macedon, 356323 BC, rev. and enlarged (1974, reissued 1991), is a complete biography, with genealogy and an annotated bibliography. W.W. Tarn, Alexander the Great, 2 vol. (1948, reprinted in 1 vol., 1981), surveys ancient sources and offers a favourable portrait of Alexander. J.R. Hamilton, Alexander the Great (1973), a historical account, treats Alexander as an efficient politician. A.R. Burn, Alexander the Great and the Middle East, rev. ed. (1973), is a biographical study that is both scholarly and popular. Mary Renault, The Nature of Alexander (1975, reissued 1983), is a popular, illustrated biography. An examination of Alexander drawn from newer research is found in Robin Lane Fox, The Search for Alexander (1980). A.B. Bosworth, Conquest and Empire (1988), a biography, is divided into a narrative of Alexander's reign and four thematic studies and includes an extensive bibliography. E. Badian, Studies in Greek and Roman History (1964), a scholarly collection, includes criticism of Alexander. Controversial issues are discussed in G.T. Griffith (ed.), Alexander the Great: The Main Problems (1966). John Maxwell O'Brien, Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy (1992), synthesizes current scholarship and contains an extensive bibliography.Studies of Alexander as a military leader include J.F.C. Fuller, The Generalship of Alexander the Great (1958, reprinted 1989); E.W. Marsden, The Campaign of Gaugamela (1964); R.D. Milns, Alexander the Great (1968); Donald W. Engels, Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army (1978); N.G.L. Hammond, Alexander the Great: King, Commander, and Statesman (1980); and the appropriate chapter in John Keegan, The Mask of Command (1987). Frank L. Holt, Alexander the Great and Bactria (1989), examines Alexander's impact on Central Asia. National Gallery Of Art, Washington, D.C., The Search for Alexander (1980), is an exhibition catalog with essays on Alexander and on Macedonian history and art. Frank W. Walbank The Editors of the Encyclopdia Britannica